Download Reproductive Systems

Reproductive Systems
Anatomy of Female
• A. Ovaries
– 1. Primary sex organs of the female
– 2. Produce ova (female gamete) and manufacture
female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
– 3. During the reproductive years, a single follicle in
the ovary matures every 28 days with an ovum
inside
– 4. Reproductive ability begins with menarche (first
menstrual cycle) during puberty
Accessory Female Organs
• Fallopian Tubes-ducts for ovum from ovaries
to uterus
• Uterus-discharge of menses, development of
fetus, expulsion of fetus
• Vagina-copulation and passageway
• Vulva-fatty pads, protect internal structures,
pleasurable sexual sensation
• Breasts-milk
• Anatomical regions of uterus
– Body
– Cervix
• Three Layers of Uterus
– Perimetrium
– Myometrium
– Endometrium
• B. Ovulation
– 1. Mature ovum is released (ovulation) about 2 weeks
before
• menstrual period begins
– 2. After ovulation, the ovum travels down the
fallopian tube
– 3. Fertilization takes place in fallopian tube, usually
within two days of ovulation
– 4. Following fertilization, the zygote implants in the
uterus
– 5. Development of follicle controlled by FSH, ovulation
caused by LH
• B. Fallopian tubes – smooth muscle and cilia help
propel ova into
• uterus
• C. Menstrual cycle - Occurs every 28 days, divided
into 4 stages
– 1. Follicle stage – FSH from pituitary ovary, stimulates
follicle with ovum to mature, releases estrogen and
prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days
– 2. Ovulation stage – Pituitary stops FSH and releases
LH, 14th day follicle ruptures and mature ovum
released
• 3. Corpus luteum stage – Corpus luteum secretes
progesterone. If ovum fertilized, corpus luteum
continues secrete progesterone, which prevents
further ovulation and maintains uterine lining,
– lasts 14 days
• 4. Menstruation stage – If no embryo, corpus
luteum dissolves, progesterone , and uterine
lining breaks down and is discharged,
– 3-6 days
• Estrogen and progesterone-two hormones
produced by ovaries.
• LH and FSH are produced by pituitary gland
Menopause
• a. When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an
end
• b. Approximately age 50
• c. Symptoms include hot flashes, dizziness,
headaches and emotional changes
Diseases of the Reproductive System
(female)
• 1. Abnormal Positions of Uterus
– Retroflexion-bending backward
– Anteversion-fundus towards the pubis and cervix
tilted up
– Retroversion-turning backward, cervix pointing
forward toward the symphysis pubis
– retrocessed uterus: both the superior and inferior
ends of the uterus are pushed posteriorly
• 2. Hysterectomy
– Surgical removal of uterus. Sometimes it includes:
fallopian tubes, ovaries and cervix.
– Performed for the following reasons:
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Uterine Fibroids.
Endometriosis
Cancer
Chronic pelvic pain
Heavy bleeding
PID
• 3. PID-Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
– Most common and serious complication of STDs
– Infection of upper genital area and can affect the
uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes. If left
untreated can cause scarring and lead to infertility,
ectopic pregnancy or chronic pain.
– Major symptoms:
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Pain
Discharge
Fever
Irregular menstration
Pain with intercourse
Uterine Fibroids
• Benign tumors made up of muscle cells and
other tissues that grow within wall of uterus.
• Can grow as single or in clusters
• Most common benign tumor of women of
childbearing age
• Cause unknown
• Classified by wear they grow;
– Underneath the lining
– Between the muscles
– Outside the uterus
• Women with fibroids
my suffer:
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Heavy bleeding
Painful periods
Urinating often
Feeling of fullness in
pelvic area
– Pain during sex
– Low back pain
– Reproductive
• Treatment:
– Pain medication
– Gonadotropin releasing
hormone agonists
– Anti-hormonal agents
– Surgery
• Myomectomy
• Hysterectomy
PMS
• A condition that affects certain women and
may cause a group of distressful symptoms
• Begins approx. 2 weeks before menstruation
• Believed to be caused by :
– Amount of prostaglandin produced
– Deficient or excessive amount of estrogen or
progesterone
– Interrelationship between these factors
To help prevent or relieve symptoms of
PMS
– Eat a healthy diet, limit foods high in sodium,
caffeine, alcohol and simple sugar
– Aerobic exercise
– Vitamins and minerals
– Relaxation therapy
Medications to treat pms
– Antidepressants
– Benzodiazepine medications
– Modified male hormones
– Diuretics
– Hormones
– Medicines that affect prostaglandin levels
Lifespan of Female Reproductive
System
• Sex determined at fertilization
– Female is born with lifetime supply of eggs
• 16 weeks of gestation, sex organs visible
• Puberty- Sex organs mature
– at puberty the female experiences: breast
development, vaginal secretions and menarche.
• About 50-ovaries cease to produce estrogen and
progesterone-Menopause.
– Osteoporosis is common in women after Menopause
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Adnexa
Amenorrhea
Bartholinitis
Biotics
Cervicitis
Colposcope
Contraception
Culdocentesis
Cystocele
Dysmenorrhea
Dyspareunia
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Endometriosis
Fibroma
Genetics
Genitalia
Gynecologist
Gynecology
Hymenectomy
Hysterectomy
Hysteroscope
Hysterotomy
Intrauterine device
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Laser ablation
Laser laparoscopy
Laser lumpectomy
Mammoplasty
Menarche
Menopause
Menorrhagia
Menorrhea
Mittelschmerz
Myometritis
Oligomenorrhea
Oogenesis
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Oophorectomy
Ovulation
Perimenopause
Postcoital
Retrovaginal
Retroversion
Salpingectomy
Salpingitis
Salpingooophorectomy
• Vaginits
• venereal
Conception and pregnancy
• 1. Gametes are produced by gonads
• a. Female gonad = ovary
• b. Female gamete = ovum (ova)
• c. Male gonad = testes
• d. Male gamete = sperm
Anatomy of Male
• A. Testes
– 1. Found in scrotum
– 2. Size of small egg
– 3. Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled
seminiferous tubules
• B. Epididymis
– 1. Collection of tubes above the testes
– 2. Connect the testes with the vas deferens
Anatomy of Male
• C. Vas Deferens
– 1. Runs from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
– 2. Seminal vesicles connect to vas deferens
– 3. Ejaculatory duct connects vas deferens with
urethra
• D. Scrotum – sac of skin that contains testes
• E. Penis
– 1. Contains erectile tissue
– 2. End covered by foreskin – loose fitting skin
Anatomy of Male
• F. Prostate Gland
– 1. Surrounds beginning of urethra
– 2. Size and shape of chestnut
• G. Bulbourethral glands – located below
prostate
Physiology of Male
• A. Testes
– 1. Produce male gametes (spermatozoa)
– 2. Produce male sex hormone – testosterone
– 3. Inside, each lobule contains coiled seminiferous
tubules where sperm develop
– 4. In embryo, testes formed in the abdomen and
during the last 3 months, migrate into scrotum
• B. Epididymis – where sperm are stored
• C. Vas Deferens – serves as a passageway for
sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
Physiology of Male
• D. Scrotum – serves as container for testes
• E. Penis
– 1. Contains erectile tissue
– 2. Organ of copulation
– 3. Tip of penis covered with foreskin, which is
often removed during circumcision
• F. Prostate Gland – secretes a fluid that
enhances sperm motility and adds fluid to
semen
Physiology of Male
• G. Bulbourethral glands – add alkaline secretion to
semen that helps
• sperm live longer
• H. Erection and ejaculation
– 1. Urethra has dual role – excretion of urine and to expel
semen
– 2. Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood
– 3. Ejaculation expels semen
– 4. Impotence – unable to copulate (hold an erection)
• I. Infertility – lack of conception due to fallopian tube
damage, low
• sperm count, hormone imbalance, and other disorders
• Endometriosis- condition in which the
endometrial tissue occurs in various sites in
the abdominal or pelvic cavity.
Med term words
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1. Artificial insemination – semen placed into vaginal canal, usually
around time of ovulation.
2. In-vitro fertilization – ova fertilized with sperm in laboratory,
zygote transferred to uterus
3. Laparoscopy – tube inserted though small incision in abdominal
wall
4. Hysterectomy – surgical removal of uterus
5. Mastectomy – surgical removal of breast
6. Mammogram – breast x-ray to detect tumors, usually
recommended for women over age 40
7. Vasectomy – male sterilization, removal of part of the vas
deferens
8. Cryptorchidism – undescended testicle, may require surgical
correction
9. Circumcision – surgical removal of the foreskin