Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Bell Work • Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into lines, angles, shading, and movement are called – Sight cells. – Second stage sensors. – Feature detectors. – Vision neurons. – Ocular nerves. Bell Work • In comparing the human eye to a camera, the film would be located in the eye’s – retina – pupil – lens – cornea – iris Visual Cliff • Gibson and Walker placed 6-14 months old infants on edge of a visual cliff (table half glass, half wood), making the appearance of a drop-off; Mothers then tries to convince infant to crawl pass the normal part of the table onto glass; most refused, indicating perception of depth Perception • Convergence: binocular cue in which the more the eyes turns inward, the closer the object • Brain reads rapid series of slightly different images as movement; phenomenon called stroboscopic movement • Another illusion of movement is phi phenomenon: perception of movement when lights blink one after the other; the lighted arrow signs on the back of parked construction trucks Sight • Formerly blind patients often can’t recognize objects familiar by touch • Sensory restriction like allowing only diffused, unpatterned light does no damage is occurring later in life; affect only at infancy, suggesting critical period for development • Perceptual adaptation: ability for our vision to adjust to artificial displacement; given goggles that shift vision 30 degrees to left, humans learn to adjust actions 30 degrees to left – Roger Sperry surgically turned eyes of animals; found out Fish, Frogs, Salamanders (Note: reptiles) CAN’T ADJUST – while Kittens, Monkeys, Humans (Note: mammals) ADAPTED Parapsychology • Parapsychology: study of paranormal phenomena • 50% of Americans believe in extrasensory perception (ESP): claim perception occurring without sensory input • Three varieties of ESP: – Telepathy (sending or reading thoughts) – Clairvoyance (gain information about an object, person, location or physical event through means other than the known senses) – Precognition (seeing future) • Vague predictions can later be interpreted to match events – Confirmation bias • After many experiments, never had a reproducible ESP phenomenon or individual who can convincingly demonstrate psychic ability I Can See! • Light waves from the visual spectrum are floating around for all to take in. • Light waves pass through the cornea (protective rounded part). • Light waves pass through the pupil (allows light to come in) • The amount of light coming through is controlled by the iris. • The lens then focuses the light into a narrow beam and projects it upside down to … • The retina, where the photoreceptors convert the image into electric impulses for brain processing (transduction). • Using the optic nerve, impulses reach the thalamus (regulatory) and then the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. • The visual association area draws associations to schemas which allow the brain to perceive what it is they are looking at. • Issues that can occur with sight: – near/far sightedness – problems with placement on the retina – visual agnosia – inability to perceive complex sensations into meaningful ideas • Face blindness • Visual association area – the area of the brain (in the occipital lobe) that gives meaning to images being seen. Prior associations, mindset, shading, linear relationship, etc., can all affect associations. – color blind Hearing • Sound waves are floating around varying in pitch (speed or frequency) and decibel level (loudness). • Sound waves are funneled in by the outer ear. • It moves to the middle ear, where the hammer, anvil and stirrup turn the waves into vibrations after they have passed through the eardrum (tympanic membrane). • In the inner ear, vibrations pass to the cochlea where transduction occurs. • Vibrations pass through the hair cells of the cochlea and into the basilar membrane. • At that point, the electrical signals pass into the auditory nerve. • Info is then passed into the primary auditory cortex located in the temporal lobe. Hearing Theories • Frequency theory – the rate at which nerve impulses reach the brain determine how low the pitch of the sound is. Low pitches have lower frequency. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch • Place theory – The area within the basilar membrane of the cochlea determines how we hear high pitch sounds, such as scraping Styrofoam or a chalkboard. If the vibration occurs at the beginning of the membrane, it’s low pitch. If it occurs at the end of the membrane, it’s high pitch. Vestibular System • Semicircular canals – control balance in the ear. • Potential problems: – Vertigo • Temporary dizziness tinnitus, hearing loss, nausea/vomiting – Motion sickness – Meniere’s disease • Permanent damage to the semicircular canal. • Vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, nausea/vomiting Taste • Chemical • Salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami – Bitter vs. Sour: Bitter is the most sensitive of all tastes; sour=acidity; Bitter=coffee, unsweetened cocoa, citrus peels, beer; Sour=citrus “meat,” wine, and sour milk – Umami: Proposed in 1908; declared a taste in 1985; savory or meaty, MSG (distinct from salt), cheese, soy sauce, breast milk, fish, mushrooms, green tea • Eating spicy foods can cause a taste bud to become dull or damaged. The taste buds can also be damaged by hot foods, cold foods, infections, dry mouth, smoking and extremely sour foods. Spicy foods may dull your taste buds, but the condition is temporary. – In a study published by My Health, 40 volunteers were given capsicum on the right and left sides of their tongues and then given five main flavors that humans can taste. After the study was concluded they found that capsicum dulled the taste of sweetness, bitterness and umami by 30 percent. The myth of the tongue map; that 1 tastes bitter, 2 tastes sour, 3 tastes salt, and 4 tastes sweet. Other Taste Sensations (Somatosensory) • Pungency/Piquance – Asia and Latin America – Hot and spicy – Black and chili peppers; ginger; horseradish • Coolness – Fresh and minty – Spearmint; menthol; ethanol • Astringency – Dry, rough, rubbery – Tea, red wine, bananas • Heartiness – Japan: Kokumi – Richness or heartiness – Fish sperm; braised, aged, or slow-cooked meats and other foods • Numbness – Chinese; Indonesian – Numbing hotness More Taste Sensations • Metallicness/Metallicity – Blood, some medicines, dental fillings • Fattiness – Specifically fatty acids – Again, found in mice so far • Temperature – Food and drink that—in a given culture—is traditionally served hot is often considered distasteful if cold, and vice versa. – Alcohol; soup; cocoa – Soda: North America=cold; South America=lukewarm • Calcium – Chalky – Calcium in vegetables; calcium in milk products bind to fat cells, so the calcium taste isn’t noticeable – Scientists found a CaSR calcium receptor on the taste buds of mice; We have these receptors in our GI system, kidneys, and brain • Carbon Dioxide – Fizziness – Soda, beer, champagne Smell and Taste • Smell (olfaction) accounts for about 80% of our ability to taste. • Anosmia-Loss of smell • Ageusia-Loss of taste • Some people are born without a sense of smell, it can be the result of a frontal head injury or something as mundane as an infection. Old age is also a factor, with smell and taste deteriorating rapidly after the age of 75. • Loss of ability to smell and taste (as opposed to congenital) can indicate the onset of brain illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, often years before other more recognizable symptoms emerge. – Rose oil, lemons, cloves • One person is the researcher, one the subject and two others are speakers. • Have the two speakers stand equal distance away from each of the subject’s ears and recite two different speeches (each person should select a poem from the literature book). • In the end, the researcher will judge how well the subject could tune out one speaker while trying to focus on the other. (Before you start, determine how you will measure this) • Do three trials. Use different poems each time.