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Learning About The Past ARCHEOLOGY Archeology is the study of the ancient ~ objects of the past. Archeologist study the remains of ancient human societies and cultures such as buildings, artwork, tools, pottery, etc. Archeologists use aerial photography to decide where to begin their excavations. They hope to uncover artifacts, ruins, and other archeological evidence. Archeologists then take their findings and try to analyze and date their findings. Archeologists hope that the artifacts found may give clues as to how ancient peoples built, traded, lived, and worshipped. ARCHEOLOGICAL SPECIALISTS Archeologist – studies the past Botanist – studies plants Chemists – study substances and date things Geologist – studies rocks and the earth Linguist – studies languages and writing Paleoanthropologist – studies skeletal remains History before writing Anything that gives information through writing books, diaries, poems, business records, etc. Gives information but not through writing fossils, bones, tools, buildings, etc. Actual item or eyewitness / made when the event happened Are based off of primary sources / made after the event Deer bone Gettysburg Address A photo of a dinosaur bone A copy of the constitution What kind of source is it When was the source made Where was the source made Who made the source Why was the source made A A F A F A N N F A Archeology Simulation Timelines? Timelines TIMELINES Timelines record major events and display when the events happened. You need to remember the following things when using timelines. Timelines present a chronological record that displays events from left to right. Events on the left of a timeline happened before the events on the right on a timeline. Timelines use two time periods. BCE (Before the Common Era) goes on the left of the timeline and makes up all of the years before the year of Christ’s birth. CE (Common Era) goes on the right of the timeline and refers to all of the years from the year of Christ’s birth to the present day. CE and BCE are sometimes referred to as AD and BC, respectively. BCE and CE are the modern system. Only BCE (BC) years have anything written after them, BCE (BC). Timelines are always divided into equal parts or time periods. Some are divided into 10 year periods (Decades), others into 100 year periods (Centuries), and some into 1000 year periods (Millenniums), etc. Specific dates of many events in history are either inexact or unknown. To show events that appear on a timeline that we do not know the exact date for, the Latin word CIRCA is used. Circa means “about” and is abbreviated “c” which is written before the event’s date. What is a timeline? records major events and shows when they happened What do the following mean? BCE = Before the Common Era Decade = CE = Century = 100 years c= Common Era Circa = about 10 years Millennium = 1000 years Explain why some dates in history are inexact and have to be stated with a circa? No witnesses, lost proof, never recorded, before people, differing accounts Which side of the timeline do you think would contain the most circas and explain why? BCE Correct all of the mistakes on the timeline below. READING A TIMELINE 2000 BCE 2000 4000 years 40 4 6. In each of the following pairs, circle the earlier date. A. 1000 BCE 100 B. 1500 C. 1500 BCE 500 BCE E. 17 BCE 1376 476 500 D. 507 901 BCE c1489BCE 1941 c1403 CREATING & USING A TIMELINE 1) How many years passed between the following events? A & B = 1025 C & D = 650 B & C = 905 1080 BCE 1500 850 - 55 BCE - 850 + 55 BCE CREATING & USING A TIMELINE 2) Could Columbus tell time with a watch when he reached the New World? No. He arrived in the New World before watches were invented. 3) Could Kublai Kahn use a mousetrap if he wanted to use one? Yes. Mouse traps were invented before him. 4) According to the timeline, what could Julius Caesar do and explain why? He could only fly a kite because it is the only thing invented before him. 5) BCE years are always on the left side of a timeline and count down 6) CE years are always on the right side of a timeline and count up DATING METHODS Surplus and Scarcity Hunters and Gatherers What is a huntergatherer? Hunter-Gatherer : a person who gets food by hunting animals and gathering wild plants, nuts, roots, and berries. HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS Homo Heidelbergensis • first to use fire • lived and traveled in groups of 20-30 • made very simple tools • traveled and moved around a lot •oldest of the 3 groups Neanderthals Neanderthals • lived in groups of 2050 people • cared for others in their community • had burials and believed in an afterlife • traveled some Cro-Magnon Cro-Magnon • looked like us • more advanced tools – fishing nets, bows and arrows, spear throwers • created artwork – cave paintings and small sculptures • traveled very little • youngest of the 3 groups MIGRATION OF EARLY PEOPLE 1. Which continent did early people get their start on? Africa 2. Describe the Ice Age. 2.5 million years ago to 12,000 years ago The glaciers advanced and retreated Ocean levels dropped Land bridges appeared Early people followed the animals 3. In general, what parts of the earth were covered with glaciers? very northern and southern parts of the earth and areas of high elevation 4. Explain how the glaciers helped early people in their migration. They caused the water levels to drop and land bridges appeared that connected different land masses together that were not connected before 5. Which continent did early people migrate to last and explain why? South America – no arrows come out of it and it is the farthest place away from where they started PALEOLITHIC LIFE TO NEOLITHIC LIFE FOOD SUPPLY PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC hunting animals agriculture: and gathering growing plants plants and raising animals EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE • people didn’t have to move • people could settle in one area • agriculture increased the reliable food supply OCCUPATIONS PALEOLITHIC finding food NEOLITHIC EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE farming, • many more cloth/clothes activities to be makers, involved in builders, tool • people were makers, miners developing special skills/abilities RESOURCES PALEOLITHIC only used things around them NEOLITHIC used things around them and traded with others EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE • grew in resources and technology (tools and ideas) • brought people together from many different areas • improved living conditions SHELTER PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE temporary tent permanent long • more or rock shelters lasting mud comfortable and brick homes stable lifestyle • homes had added features, such as, rooms, ovens, basins, etc. POPULATION/SETTLEMENT PALEOLITHIC temporary settlements for 20-60 people NEOLITHIC permanent settlements for thousands EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE • population grew • people could share responsibilities • improved food and living conditions • burial grounds TECHNOLOGY PALEOLITHIC crude stone tools, rough animal skin clothing, grass baskets NEOLITHIC EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE Sharp stone and metal tools, clothing of wool, cotton, and silk, used pottery and made jewelry • began to use metals - copper and gold - - and clay • quality and comfort of life improved Paleolithic Period = 2,000,000 BCE – 8,000 BCE Neolithic Period = 8,000 BCE – 3,000 BCE Paleolithic Period = Old Stone Age Neolithic Period = New Stone Age Food Supply – Most important change because by having a stable food supply people could settle down in one area permanently and be freed up to do other things and make improvements to their lives