Download Flash cards unit 1

What is osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water from an
area of high water concentration to an area
of low water concentration through a
selectively permeable membrane.
Describe glycolysis
Glycolysis is the break down of glucose to
pyruvic acid (3Carbon atoms). It occurs in
the cytoplasm. 2 molecules of ATP are
produced. It occurs even when there is no
oxygen present.
Name the two types of respiration and the
differences between them.
What is a limiting factor?
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence
of oxygen and the pyruvic acid from
glycolysis is broken down to Carbon
dioxide, water and 36molecules of ATP.
Anaerobic respiration happens in the
absence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid (in animals) or
alcohol and carbon dioxide (in plants)
It is a factor which when in short supply
prevents the reaction occurring at its
maximum rate.
Explain what optimum means in relation to
enzymes
Optimum is the condition at which an
enzyme is most active.
What happens to an enzyme when it is
denatured and under what conditions?
The enzymes active site changes shape so a
substrate can no longer fit into it.
What is the equation for photosynthesis
Light energy
Carbon dioxide + water  glucose +
oxygen
pepsin
Proteinpeptides
catalase
Hydrogen peroxidewater and oxygen
Name as many break down enzymes as
possible
amylase
Starchmaltose
lipase
Fatfatty acids and glycerol
Describe what happens during photolysis
Describe what happens during carbon
fixation
What is the importance for diffusion for
cells?
What types of molecules can diffuse?
Water is broken down using light energy to
produce ATP, oxygen gas (which is
released) and hydrogen (which goes on to
the carbon fixation stage).
This stage relies on enzymes and carbon
dioxide is converted into glucose by the
addition of hydrogen. This process requires
energy in the form of ATP
So cells can obtain important useful
substances required for survival and
remove harmful waste products
Small soluble molecules like carbon
dioxide, water oxygen, glucose, urea, salts
Yogurt produced when bacteria convert
lactose sugar in milk to lactic acid which
thickens and sours the milk.
Bread produced by yeast fermenting
Name two product produced by
glucose to produce carbon dioxide which
microorganisms and how they are produced makes bread rise.
Alcohol produced by the fermentation of
glucose by yeast to produce alcohol.
Biogas produced by the fermentation of
waste by bacteria to produce methane gas
(a fuel)
Gasohol when alcohol from the
fermentation of glucose by yeast is added
to petrol
What do antibiotics destroy?
What is resistance?
Describe what happens to a plant cell when
placed in hypertonic and hypotonic
solution
Describe what happens to an animal cell
when placed in hypertonic and hypotonic
solution
Bacteria NOT VIRUSES
When the antibiotic does not destroy the
bacteria
Hypotonic – water diffuses in = turgid
(vacuole swells)
Hypertonic – water diffuses out =
plasmolysised/flaccid (cell membrane
comes in from wall, vacuole and cytoplasm
shrink)
Hypotonic – water diffuses in = bursts
Hypertonic – water diffuses out = shrinks
Name the structure which are found in (i) a
plant cells and (ii) an animal cell.
What is the equation of the formation of
ATP?
How can plants be encouraged to grow to
at their maximum rate( think limiting
factors)
Plant – cell wall
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell membrane
Animal – cell membrane
Nucleus
cytoplasm
ADP + Pi  ATP
Use of extra lighting
Increase temperature
Enrich with carbon dioxide
Ensure constant supply water.
Glucose used as energy
What are the three things which can happen
 stored as starch
to glucose after it is produced in a leaf cell?
 converted to a structural
carbohydrate cellulose