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Grade 7 LA Parts of Speech Review Student Notes What is a noun? A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. In a sentence, nouns answer the questions who and what. Example: The dog ran after the ball. In this sentence, there are two nouns, dog and ball. A noun may be concrete (something you can touch, see, etc.), like the nouns in the example above, or a noun may be an abstract idea, as in this sentence: She possesses integrity. Examples of Nouns: Person Amy (P) police man girl father Place Chicago (P) city ocean barnyard Thing house ship summer cat Abstract Quality love dream fear honesty Proper nouns name a particular, specific person, place or thing as in this sentence: Thanksgiving is in October every year. Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter. All other nouns are called common nouns. What is a pronoun? A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. Example: Sandy was bored so she decided to go to a movie. The noun that the pronoun replaces is called its antecedent. Example: Antecedent Noun Marsha Teacher Cats Possible pronouns she, her, herself he, his, himself they, them, themselves Other pronouns include: it, me, mine, our, ours, you, yours, someone, something, etc. What is a verb? Usually a verb is a word that shows action such as: Tom ran away from the bully. However, some verbs are non-action (linking) verbs that describe a state of being: Tom was safe. Examples: juggle think crash Action Verbs predict laugh growl swim choose borrow is was Non-action or Being Verbs seem appear are were become am There may be multiple verbs one a sentence. Example: She turned the key and opened the door. There may be a verb phrase consisting of a verb plus a helping verb. Example:Jackson was studying. When verbs express an action, the tense of the verb is used to show when an action takes place: past, present, future. Examples: Present I live in Airdrie now. Pete rides bikes with friends. The dog barks at cars. Past I lived in Calgary last year. He rode in the parade in July. Last night, the dog barked at the moon. Future I shall live many places in my life. Pete will ride again next year. Tomorrow, he will likely bark at cats. LA 7 Student Notes Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs: Singular and Plural Singular means one; Plural means any number over one Nouns usually show plural by simply adding an „s‟ eg: one car(singular); four cars (plural) o Nouns may also show plural by adding „es‟( or „ies‟ if the word ends in a „y‟) eg: one witch; two witches or one family; two families o Some nouns are the exception and their plural is a totally different word. Eg; one mouse; two mice o General rules Nouns Plural Examples Most nouns add s book, books; cup, cups; sprout, sprouts Most nouns that end in ch, sh, s, x, or z add es box, boxes; bus, buses; prize, prizes Most nouns that end in a vowel and y add s boy, boys; day, days; key, keys Most nouns that end in a consonant and y y becomes ies baby, babies; country, countries; spy, spies Most nouns that end in f or fe f or fe becomes ves elf, elves; loaf, loaves; thief, thieves Most nouns that end in o add s Certain nouns that end in a consonant and o add es kangaroo, kangaroos; piano, pianos; video, videos hero, heroes; potato, potatoes; volcano, volcanoes Pronouns show plural with a different word Pronoun singular Plural I, he, she we, they her, him them **you (same word for sing. and plural) you mine ours your yours Verbs show plural depending on the noun that is doing the action and they form plurals in the opposite way from nouns; to form a plural verb, you drop the „s‟ eg: He wants. They want. Subject (noun or pronoun) boy or boys horse or horses Verb run prance child or children He or they is smell Example The boy runs. (Singular) The boys run. (plural) A beautiful horse prances in the ring. (sing.) Three beautiful horses prance in the ring. (plural) A child is a gift .(sing.) Children are gifts. (plural) He smells the apple pie. (sing.) They smell the apple pie. (plural) LA 7 Student Notes What is an adjective? An adjective is a word that modifies (changes), or describes a noun. Adjectives may precede nouns, or they may appear after a form of the verb to be (am, are, is, was, etc.). Example 1: We live in the old, white house. Both adjectives (old, white) describe the noun (house). Example 2: That girl is tall for her age. The adjective (tall) appears after the verb (is) but still describes the noun (girl). Adjectives may be used to compare two or more nouns as shown in the examples below. Adjective strong funny beautiful No Comparison Sue is strong. Sandy told a funny joke. Lexi is a beautiful dog. good He is a good boy. Comparative Sue is stronger than Pat. Sandy told a funnier joke than Joe. Lexi is a more beautiful dog than Rex. He is a better boy than his brother. Superlative Sue is the strongest girl in the class. Sandy told the funniest joke of all. Lexi is the most beautiful dog in the world. He is the best boy in the family. Articles are a special kind of adjective and there are only three: a, an, the. the boy the dog the hockey game ‘the’ refers to specific nouns ‘a’ refers to non-specific nouns and goes before all words that begin with consonants ‘an’ also refers to non-specific nouns but goes before all words that begin with vowels the school a boy a dog a hockey game a school an angry boy an ugly dog an exciting hockey game an enormous school **Important Rule: Adjectives modify only nouns; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. What is an adverb? Just as adjectives modify nouns, adverbs modify (change) or describe verbs. Example: He waved wildly to get her attention. The adverb (wildly) modifies the verb(waved). Adverbs may also modify adjectives and other adverbs. Example: The shirt he wore to the party was extremely bright. The adverb ( extremely) modifies the adjective (bright) which describes the noun (shirt). Many, though not all, adverbs end in „ly’. Adverbs ending in “ly” Quickly recklessly sadly fortunately gratefully Adverbs not ending in “ly” now often then soon there While nouns answer the questions who and what in a sentence, adverbs answer the questions how, when, how much, and where. WHEN? I did my work yesterday. Peter spoke up immediately. Henry moved quickly. WHERE? I did my work here. Sami ran in the hall. (adverb phrase). Henry moved back. HOW? I did my work badly. Susan shouted rudely. The dog happily barked. HOW MUCH? I barely did my work. Susan talked constantly. Henry scarcely moved. What is an interjection? Interjections are words tossed into a sentence that usually express a strong emotion like surprise or pain. They do not affect the sentence‟s structure and are the least important part of speech; do not overuse them. Examples: hello, goodbye, hey, oh, Ouch! Wow! Ugh! Great! What is a preposition? A preposition is usually a small word that shows the relationship of a noun (pronoun) to another word in the sentence. Example: Susan threw the ball to him. The preposition (to) connects the pronoun (him) to the verb (threw) making an adverb phrase telling where. Examples of prepositions: Preposition Examples in on over behind between up through against Example phrases in the house on the square table over the stone wall behind the white fence between them up the rough road through a dense wood against the other team A preposition begins a phrase (group of words) that is made up of a preposition and noun (pronoun) and their modifying adjectives. Example: The horse disappeared into the old red barn. The phrase (into the old red barn) is made up of a preposition (into), a noun (barn) and adjectives (old, red) describing barn. A phrase acts as a unit in a sentence and is either an adverb phrase (modifies a verb) or an adjective phrase (modifies a noun). Example: He ran into the deep forest. The phrase (into the deep forest) tells where he ran so it is an adverb. Example: The book on the table was a biography. The phrase (on the table) tells which book so it is an adjective. Here is a list of some of the prepositions in the English language: aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without. What is a conjunction? Conjunctions are joining words. They act like “trailer hitches” and can join sentences or parts of sentences together. There are two types of conjunctions: coordinate conjunctions or subordinate conjunctions Coordinate Conjunctions: join words, phrases or sentences of equal value (independent clauses).There are only 7 coordinate conjunctions – and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so Subordinate Conjunctions: join two or more sentences where at least one of the sentences depends on the other to make sense (dependent clauses). Examples of subordinate conjunctions are: if, because, until, when, although, since, unless, wherever, etc. Coordinate Conjunction Examples The dog and cat race each other to the tree. The ball rolled over the road and into the trees. The other kids wanted to go home, but I wanted to stay. Susan was mad at Cara so she would not answer the phone. Subordinate Conjunction Examples Tom agreed to play if he could be the pitcher. I got an „A‟ on the test because I studied hard. Although I was scared, I did not quite trying. Note: An independent clause is a group of words that contains a noun and verb, and can stand alone and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence. Note: Dependent Clause: A dependent clause cannot stand alone and is a group of words that contains a noun and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Example: When Jim studied in the library for his chemistry quiz . . . (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.)