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An Invitation to Health
Chapter 13
Preventing Infectious Disease
Dr. Lana Zinger
©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Viruses
Tiniest pathogens, but also the toughest. Consist of a bit
of RNA or DNA within a protein coat. Take over a body
cell’s reproductive machinery to reproduce.
Bacteria
Agents
of
Infection
Simple one-celled organisms. The most plentiful microorganisms
as well as the most pathogenic. Bacteria harm the body by
releasing enzymes that digest body cells or toxins that produce he
specific effects of specific diseases.
Fungi
Single-celled or multicelled organisms composed of threadlike
fibers and reproductive spores. Fungi release enzymes that digest
cells in hair-covered areas of the body.
Protozoa
Single-celled, microscopic animals that release enzymes and toxins
that destroy cells or interfere with their function.
Helminths
Small parasitic worms that attack specific tissues or organs and
compete with the host for nutrients.
How Do You Catch An Infection?
Animals
Insects
Water
People
Food
The Course of
Infectious
Disease
7. Termination
6. Recovery or
Relapse
5. Clinical Stage
4. Prodormal
Period
3. Incubation
Period
2. Infection
1. Exposure
How Your Body Protects Itself
Physical and Chemical Barriers
Epidermis
Cilia
Tears and Saliva
Mucous
Membranes
The
Human
Lymphatic
System
and Its
Functions
How Your Body Protects Itself
The Immune System
Macrophages
Large scavenger cells with insatiable appetites for
foreign cells, diseased and run-down red blood
cells, and other biological debris.
Lymphocytes
Specialized white blood cells produced in the bone
marrow that identify pathogens and help
macrophages fight pathogens.
B Cells
A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies
capable of deactivating invading pathogens.
T Cells
A type of lymphocyte that activates additional B-cells,
stop B-cell activity when the pathogen is destroyed,
kill normal cell that have become cancerous, and
attack pathogens.
The Immune Response
The Immune Response
Types of Immunity
Antibody-mediated
immunity
Immune Disorders
Allergies

Hypersensitivity to a substance in our
environment or diet.

Symptoms


Itching, nasal congestion, eye irritation, coughing,
wheezing, hives, vomiting, and diarrhea, and even
sudden life-threatening collapse.
Treatments

Non-sedating oral medications, nasal sprays, and
immunology.
Immune Disorders
Autoimmune Disorders

When the immune system declares war on the cells, tissues, or
organs it normally protects.

Types


Causes


Graves disease, systematic lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid
arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
Genetics, drugs, chemicals, bacteria and viruses.
Treatments


Medications.
New diagnostic tests and treatments are on the horizon.
Childhood Immunizations
Hepatitis B
Diptheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
H. Influenzae
Type B
Inactivated
Polio
Pneumococcal
Conjugate
Measles,
Mumps
& Rubella
Varicella
(Chicken Pox)
Hepatitis A
Immunizations for
Adolescents and Young Adults
Varicella
(Chicken Pox)
Hepatitis B
Measles,
Mumps
& Rubella
Tetanus
Diptheria
Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule
Who Is At Highest Risk of
Infectious Disease?
Children &
Their Families
The Elderly
The Chronically
Ill
Smokers & Those
Residing In Poorly
Working With
With Respiratory
Ventilated
Sick Individuals
Problems
Buildings
Common Infectious Diseases
Common Cold
Influenza
Meningitis
Hepatitis
Mononucleosis
Chronic
Fatigue
Syndrome
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Strep Infection
Toxic Shock
Syndrome
Facts Relating To The Common Cold




There are 200 distinct cold viruses.
Americans come down with 1 billion colds annually.
The common cold results in ~20 million lost work days
and 22 million days of absence from school.
Spring, Summer and Early Fall Colds


Rhinoviruses causing symptoms above the neck (stuffy nose,
headache, runny nose)
Winter Colds

Adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses, influenza
viruses which are more likely to get into the bronchi and
trachea and cause more fever and bronchitis.
Symptoms of the Common Cold
Treatments For The Common Cold
Tylenol
Zinc
Lozenges
Ibuprofen
Echinacea
Anti
Histamines
Vitamin C
Influenza

The flu causes more severe symptoms than the cold that
last longer.
Influenza A and influenza B.

Transmission

The flu is very contagious and is spread by coughs,
sneezes, laughs, and even normal conversation.
Vaccinations.
 Annually: FluMist vs. flu shots
 Not for individuals who are allergic to eggs.

Antiviral Drugs



Relenza and Tamiflu
Meningitis

A bacterial infection which attacks the
membranes around the brain ad spinal cord and
can result in hearing loss, kidney failure, and
permanent brain damage.

Transmission


Coughing, kissing, sharing drinks, eating utensils, or
cigarettes; or prolonged exposure to infected
individuals.
Vaccinations


Recommended for Freshman living in dormitories.
Vaccination is effective for 3 years against 70% of
bacterial meningitis strains.
Hepatitis

Five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, Delta
and E) that can cause inflammation of the liver.

Symptoms


Headaches, fever, fatigue, stiff or aching joints,
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Treatment


Rest, a high-protein diet, and the avoidance of
alcohol and drugs that may stress the liver.
Alpha interferon.
How Tuberculosis Spreads
Insect and Animal Borne Infections
Infection
Characteristics
Lyme
Disease
A
West Nile
Virus
A
Monkeypox
Virus
A
bacterial infection spread by ticks carrying the a bacterium
called Borrelia burgdorferi.
Symptoms include joint inflammation, heart arrhythmias, blinding
headaches, and memory lapses.
LYMErix
virus transmitted by a mosquito that feeds on an
infected bird and then bites a human.
MNV interferes with normal central nervous system
functioning and causes inflammation of brain tissue.
No treatment is available.
rare viral disease common to Africa.
Signs and symptoms are similar to those of small pox.
There is no specific treatment.
New Infectious Threats







Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS)
Bioterror Infections
Anthrax
Smallpox
Botulism
Tularemia
Viral Hemorrhagic fevers
Reproductive and Urinary Tract Infections
Vaginal Infections
Trichomoniasis
Candidiasis
Bacterial Vaginosis
Urinary Tract Infections
Urethritis
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
Sexually Transmitted Infections
The Facts



Almost 700,000 people are infected every day
with one of the over 20 STIs.
The highest rates of STIs occur among 16- to
24-year-olds.
STI Complications:
Sterility, miscarriage, premature delivery, uterine
infections after delivery, and increased risk of HIV
transmission.
 Many STIs may not cause any symptoms.

Factors That Increase The Risk Of
STIs In Young People
Feelings of
Invulnerability
Substance
Abuse
Multiple
Partners
Failure to
Use Condoms
How HIV Infection and Other STIs Are Spread
Unsafe Sex On Campus
Chlamydia
Description
Signs and Symptoms
A sexually transmitted disease
caused by bacterial infection,
that cause significant damage
to the reproductive system.
Abdominal pain, fever,
nausea, vaginal bleeding,
and arthritis.
Treatment
Antibiotics, but be aware that
reproductive damage is
irreversible.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Description
Signs and Symptoms
An overall designation
referring to the effects of
other STDs, primarily
chlamydia and gonorrhea.
Fever, nausea, vomiting, chills,
spotting between menstrual
periods, heavy bleeding
during periods, and pain in
the lower abdomen.
Treatment
Antibiotics, bed rest, sexual
abstinence, and possible
surgery.
Gonorrhea
Description
A sexually transmitted
disease caused by
bacterial infection
characterized by pus-like
secretions from the penis
and painful
menstruation.
Side Effects
Infertility, widespread
bacterial infection, heart
damage, and arthritis.
Treatment
Antibiotics
Syphilis
Description
Signs and Symptoms
A sexually transmitted disease
caused by bacterial
infection.
Periodic, painless sores that
disappear and reappear.
Latent syphilis can lead to
paralysis, blindness, heart
disease, brain damage, and
insanity.
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Latent Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Treatment
Antibiotics
Herpes
Highly Contagious
Description
Symptoms
A sexually transmitted disease
caused by a viral infection of
the herpes simplex virus Type
I (oral herpes) and II (genital
herpes). The virus can attack
different areas of the body,
but commonly causes blisters
on the genitals.
Fever, swollen glands, and
headaches.
Treatment
None. Wash hands following
contact with cold or herpes
sores.
Human Papilloma (HPV)
Description
Infection with HPV can cause
genital warts and is the
most common viral STI.
Half of HPV infected
individuals so not develop
symptoms.
Associated with:
Increased cancers of the
cervix, vulva, and penis,
and enlargement and
spread of warts, leading to
obstruction of the urethra,
vagina and anus.
Treatment
Removal of warts by liquid
nitrogen freezing, chemical
dissolving, and laser- or
electro-surgery.
HIV versus AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV)
A fragile virus spread through
the
exchange of blood, semen,
vaginal
secretions, or breast milk that
circulates freely in the
bloodstream and always
precedes
the onset of AIDS.
Acquired Immune
Deficiency Virus
An incurable, sexually
transmitted
viral disease caused by the
human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Immune suppression
associated with AIDS can
lead to opportunistic diseases
and cancers (pneumocystis
carinii penumonia and
Karposi’s sarcoma).
HIV is NOT spread through
casual contact (i.e. toilet seats)!
Transmission of AIDS
Vaginal, Anal or
Oral Sex
Mother-to-Fetus or
Child Transmissions
Sharing Needles to
Inject Drugs
Exposure to
Infected Blood
Current Modes of HIV Transmission
in the United States
Symptoms of HIV & AIDS
Possibly no initial symptoms for
a number of years
Progression
of HIV
Typical signs as the immune
system weakens, include fatigue, dry cough,
Fever, night sweats, diarrhea, skin rashes,
Swollen lymph glands, vaginal yeast
Infections, unexplained weight loss.
Over time opportunistic infections develop,
and AIDS is diagnosed.
ELISA or EIA
Oral HIV
Tests
Urine Test
Diagnosis of HIV
Rapid Tests
HomeAccess
Western Blot
Treating HIV/AIDS

Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapies (HAART)






Gold-standard approach to combating HIV.
Dramatically reduces viral load.
The regimen uses one of 250 different combinations of three
or more antiretroviral drugs.
Its success depends on consistent adherence to the drug
regimen over a prolonged period of time.
1 year of treatment costs more than $10,000.
Significant Side Effects:


Anemia, mouth ulcers, diarrhea, respiratory difficulties, digestive
problems, liver damage, and skin rashes.
There is emerging resistance to antiretroviral medications.
HIV and AIDS
Risky Behaviors to Avoid






Unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an HIV-infected
individual.
Multiple or anonymous sexual partners.
Anal sex with or without a condom.
Vaginal or oral sex with a drug user or individual that
engages in anal sex.
Sex with an individual who has several sex partners.
Sharing toothbrushes, razors, or other implements that could
become contaminated with blood from an infected
individual.
The Bottom Line
Take Care of Yourself to Reduce The Risk Of Infections
Eat a balanced diet
Avoid fatty foods
Get enough sleep
Exercise regularly
Don’t smoke
Control your alcohol intake
Wash your hands frequently
Don’t share food and drinks
Try to avoid irritating air pollution
Always use safer sex practices
Get tested for STIs if one is suspected