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An Invitation to Health Chapter 13 Preventing Infectious Disease Dr. Lana Zinger ©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co. Viruses Tiniest pathogens, but also the toughest. Consist of a bit of RNA or DNA within a protein coat. Take over a body cell’s reproductive machinery to reproduce. Bacteria Agents of Infection Simple one-celled organisms. The most plentiful microorganisms as well as the most pathogenic. Bacteria harm the body by releasing enzymes that digest body cells or toxins that produce he specific effects of specific diseases. Fungi Single-celled or multicelled organisms composed of threadlike fibers and reproductive spores. Fungi release enzymes that digest cells in hair-covered areas of the body. Protozoa Single-celled, microscopic animals that release enzymes and toxins that destroy cells or interfere with their function. Helminths Small parasitic worms that attack specific tissues or organs and compete with the host for nutrients. How Do You Catch An Infection? Animals Insects Water People Food The Course of Infectious Disease 7. Termination 6. Recovery or Relapse 5. Clinical Stage 4. Prodormal Period 3. Incubation Period 2. Infection 1. Exposure How Your Body Protects Itself Physical and Chemical Barriers Epidermis Cilia Tears and Saliva Mucous Membranes The Human Lymphatic System and Its Functions How Your Body Protects Itself The Immune System Macrophages Large scavenger cells with insatiable appetites for foreign cells, diseased and run-down red blood cells, and other biological debris. Lymphocytes Specialized white blood cells produced in the bone marrow that identify pathogens and help macrophages fight pathogens. B Cells A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies capable of deactivating invading pathogens. T Cells A type of lymphocyte that activates additional B-cells, stop B-cell activity when the pathogen is destroyed, kill normal cell that have become cancerous, and attack pathogens. The Immune Response The Immune Response Types of Immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Immune Disorders Allergies Hypersensitivity to a substance in our environment or diet. Symptoms Itching, nasal congestion, eye irritation, coughing, wheezing, hives, vomiting, and diarrhea, and even sudden life-threatening collapse. Treatments Non-sedating oral medications, nasal sprays, and immunology. Immune Disorders Autoimmune Disorders When the immune system declares war on the cells, tissues, or organs it normally protects. Types Causes Graves disease, systematic lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Genetics, drugs, chemicals, bacteria and viruses. Treatments Medications. New diagnostic tests and treatments are on the horizon. Childhood Immunizations Hepatitis B Diptheria Tetanus Pertussis H. Influenzae Type B Inactivated Polio Pneumococcal Conjugate Measles, Mumps & Rubella Varicella (Chicken Pox) Hepatitis A Immunizations for Adolescents and Young Adults Varicella (Chicken Pox) Hepatitis B Measles, Mumps & Rubella Tetanus Diptheria Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule Who Is At Highest Risk of Infectious Disease? Children & Their Families The Elderly The Chronically Ill Smokers & Those Residing In Poorly Working With With Respiratory Ventilated Sick Individuals Problems Buildings Common Infectious Diseases Common Cold Influenza Meningitis Hepatitis Mononucleosis Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Pneumonia Tuberculosis Strep Infection Toxic Shock Syndrome Facts Relating To The Common Cold There are 200 distinct cold viruses. Americans come down with 1 billion colds annually. The common cold results in ~20 million lost work days and 22 million days of absence from school. Spring, Summer and Early Fall Colds Rhinoviruses causing symptoms above the neck (stuffy nose, headache, runny nose) Winter Colds Adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses, influenza viruses which are more likely to get into the bronchi and trachea and cause more fever and bronchitis. Symptoms of the Common Cold Treatments For The Common Cold Tylenol Zinc Lozenges Ibuprofen Echinacea Anti Histamines Vitamin C Influenza The flu causes more severe symptoms than the cold that last longer. Influenza A and influenza B. Transmission The flu is very contagious and is spread by coughs, sneezes, laughs, and even normal conversation. Vaccinations. Annually: FluMist vs. flu shots Not for individuals who are allergic to eggs. Antiviral Drugs Relenza and Tamiflu Meningitis A bacterial infection which attacks the membranes around the brain ad spinal cord and can result in hearing loss, kidney failure, and permanent brain damage. Transmission Coughing, kissing, sharing drinks, eating utensils, or cigarettes; or prolonged exposure to infected individuals. Vaccinations Recommended for Freshman living in dormitories. Vaccination is effective for 3 years against 70% of bacterial meningitis strains. Hepatitis Five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, Delta and E) that can cause inflammation of the liver. Symptoms Headaches, fever, fatigue, stiff or aching joints, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Treatment Rest, a high-protein diet, and the avoidance of alcohol and drugs that may stress the liver. Alpha interferon. How Tuberculosis Spreads Insect and Animal Borne Infections Infection Characteristics Lyme Disease A West Nile Virus A Monkeypox Virus A bacterial infection spread by ticks carrying the a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi. Symptoms include joint inflammation, heart arrhythmias, blinding headaches, and memory lapses. LYMErix virus transmitted by a mosquito that feeds on an infected bird and then bites a human. MNV interferes with normal central nervous system functioning and causes inflammation of brain tissue. No treatment is available. rare viral disease common to Africa. Signs and symptoms are similar to those of small pox. There is no specific treatment. New Infectious Threats Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Bioterror Infections Anthrax Smallpox Botulism Tularemia Viral Hemorrhagic fevers Reproductive and Urinary Tract Infections Vaginal Infections Trichomoniasis Candidiasis Bacterial Vaginosis Urinary Tract Infections Urethritis Cystitis Pyelonephritis Sexually Transmitted Infections The Facts Almost 700,000 people are infected every day with one of the over 20 STIs. The highest rates of STIs occur among 16- to 24-year-olds. STI Complications: Sterility, miscarriage, premature delivery, uterine infections after delivery, and increased risk of HIV transmission. Many STIs may not cause any symptoms. Factors That Increase The Risk Of STIs In Young People Feelings of Invulnerability Substance Abuse Multiple Partners Failure to Use Condoms How HIV Infection and Other STIs Are Spread Unsafe Sex On Campus Chlamydia Description Signs and Symptoms A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterial infection, that cause significant damage to the reproductive system. Abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vaginal bleeding, and arthritis. Treatment Antibiotics, but be aware that reproductive damage is irreversible. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Description Signs and Symptoms An overall designation referring to the effects of other STDs, primarily chlamydia and gonorrhea. Fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, spotting between menstrual periods, heavy bleeding during periods, and pain in the lower abdomen. Treatment Antibiotics, bed rest, sexual abstinence, and possible surgery. Gonorrhea Description A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterial infection characterized by pus-like secretions from the penis and painful menstruation. Side Effects Infertility, widespread bacterial infection, heart damage, and arthritis. Treatment Antibiotics Syphilis Description Signs and Symptoms A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterial infection. Periodic, painless sores that disappear and reappear. Latent syphilis can lead to paralysis, blindness, heart disease, brain damage, and insanity. Primary Syphilis Secondary Syphilis Latent Syphilis Tertiary Syphilis Treatment Antibiotics Herpes Highly Contagious Description Symptoms A sexually transmitted disease caused by a viral infection of the herpes simplex virus Type I (oral herpes) and II (genital herpes). The virus can attack different areas of the body, but commonly causes blisters on the genitals. Fever, swollen glands, and headaches. Treatment None. Wash hands following contact with cold or herpes sores. Human Papilloma (HPV) Description Infection with HPV can cause genital warts and is the most common viral STI. Half of HPV infected individuals so not develop symptoms. Associated with: Increased cancers of the cervix, vulva, and penis, and enlargement and spread of warts, leading to obstruction of the urethra, vagina and anus. Treatment Removal of warts by liquid nitrogen freezing, chemical dissolving, and laser- or electro-surgery. HIV versus AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) A fragile virus spread through the exchange of blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk that circulates freely in the bloodstream and always precedes the onset of AIDS. Acquired Immune Deficiency Virus An incurable, sexually transmitted viral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Immune suppression associated with AIDS can lead to opportunistic diseases and cancers (pneumocystis carinii penumonia and Karposi’s sarcoma). HIV is NOT spread through casual contact (i.e. toilet seats)! Transmission of AIDS Vaginal, Anal or Oral Sex Mother-to-Fetus or Child Transmissions Sharing Needles to Inject Drugs Exposure to Infected Blood Current Modes of HIV Transmission in the United States Symptoms of HIV & AIDS Possibly no initial symptoms for a number of years Progression of HIV Typical signs as the immune system weakens, include fatigue, dry cough, Fever, night sweats, diarrhea, skin rashes, Swollen lymph glands, vaginal yeast Infections, unexplained weight loss. Over time opportunistic infections develop, and AIDS is diagnosed. ELISA or EIA Oral HIV Tests Urine Test Diagnosis of HIV Rapid Tests HomeAccess Western Blot Treating HIV/AIDS Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapies (HAART) Gold-standard approach to combating HIV. Dramatically reduces viral load. The regimen uses one of 250 different combinations of three or more antiretroviral drugs. Its success depends on consistent adherence to the drug regimen over a prolonged period of time. 1 year of treatment costs more than $10,000. Significant Side Effects: Anemia, mouth ulcers, diarrhea, respiratory difficulties, digestive problems, liver damage, and skin rashes. There is emerging resistance to antiretroviral medications. HIV and AIDS Risky Behaviors to Avoid Unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an HIV-infected individual. Multiple or anonymous sexual partners. Anal sex with or without a condom. Vaginal or oral sex with a drug user or individual that engages in anal sex. Sex with an individual who has several sex partners. Sharing toothbrushes, razors, or other implements that could become contaminated with blood from an infected individual. The Bottom Line Take Care of Yourself to Reduce The Risk Of Infections Eat a balanced diet Avoid fatty foods Get enough sleep Exercise regularly Don’t smoke Control your alcohol intake Wash your hands frequently Don’t share food and drinks Try to avoid irritating air pollution Always use safer sex practices Get tested for STIs if one is suspected