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GREEK EXPANSION NOTES Greek development occurred without any interference from SW Asian civilizations until 546 BCE. - 546 BCE: Cyrus of Persia conquered Greek colonies on the west coast of Asia Minor Cyrus allowed Greek colonies to keep their governments, however later rulers would tighten Persian rule and raise taxes 500 BCE- Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against the Persian Empire. - Colonies were supported by Athens: resulted in a series of conflicts between Greece and Persia that lasted until 479 BCE. Known as the Persian Wars War Under Darius - Darius ruled Persians in 490’s BCE Crushed any attempts of Greek colonial revolts in Asia Minor Darius wanted to punish Athens for supporting the revolutions of the Greek colonies 492 BCE: Darius’ forces conquered Thrace and Macedonia, north of Baltic Peninsula 490 BCE: Persians invade Greece The Athenian people defeated the Persian army in the Battle of Marathon. - Persians withdrew; uneasy peace remained for 10 years 480 BCE: Xerxes (son of Darius) led Persian army and fleet against Greece - Several Greek City-States joined forces in opposing the Persians Persian army had to pass through narrow mountain pass. 300 Spartan warriors met them and fought for 3 days before being killed. (known as battle of Thermopylae) Battle of Thermopylae bought other city-states time to prepare for war Persian Army advanced toward Athens. - Athenian leader Themistocles advised Athenian people to leave the city and escape Xerxes’ army destroyed Athens; pursued Athenian naval fleet in Salamis Strait Persian navy was larger than Greek navy, yet Greek ships were more maneuverable. Result: Sinking of several Persian ships 479 BCE- Athens and Sparta joined forces; defeated Persians at Plataea (Northwest of Athens) Results of Persian War: - Greek City-States in Asia Minor were free from Persian Rule Athens was rebuilt; Athenian Empire began to grow in Aegean Sea Sparta sought Greek unity under Spartan leadership (couldn’t send military away for long periods of time due to fear of Helot revolt) - Athens created Delian League: an alliance of city-states with Athens as a leader o League included 140 City-States o Each city-state contributed $$ or ships By 450’s BCE Athens created an Empire based on the Delian League 461-429 BCE: Athens’ “Age of Pericles” - Pericles was a general, orator, and statesman who held public office or was active in politics from 461-429 BCE Under Pericles, Athens reached its peak of power and wealth. Government Under Pericles - Athenian Democracy reached its height All male citizens except for the lowest class could hold public office Office holders were paid salary and chosen by lot Athens achieved one of the most completely democratic government systems in history Pericles also strengthened and extended Athenian Empire. - Established colonies of Athenian citizens in important or rebellious areas Kept Persians out of Aegean Sea Athenian system of weights and measures became standard throughout the empire Delian League members reaped benefits under Pericles, but lost their independence o Athens and Pericles controlled Delian League Pericles failed to unite Greece under Athenian rule. Sparta and Athens continued to clash over power struggles. RESULT: Peloponnesian War - Broke out in 431 BCE 27 year-long war Sparta had greater military strength Athens lost their democratic philosophies; Aristocrats briefly took over After democracy was restored in Athens, internal fighting weakened Athenian Government. Sparta, with help of Persia, managed to block Athenian food supply. - 404 BCE: Athens surrendered to Sparta Constant struggle for power and unity divided Greece for several years Greek civilization still made great advancements during this time