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3.1: Biological Molecules
External Assessments:
Internal Assessments:
AS – Paper 1 and Paper 2
1. Carbohydrates and lipids exam questions
(due:
)
A-level – Paper 1 and Paper 3
Required Practicals:
1. Investigation into the effect of a named variable on
the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
Comments:
2. Proteins and enzymes exam questions
(due:
)
3. DNA and RNA exam questions
(due:
)
4. End of topic test
3.1.1: Monomers and Polymers
Draw a diagram of the condensation and hydrolysis
reactions between two α-glucose monomers.
Monomers and Polymers
What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
How does a condensation reaction take place?
How does a hydrolysis reaction take place?
During which process/group of processes are polymers
hydrolysed in the body into monomers?
Keywords:
Polymers, monomers, polymerisation, monosaccharaides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides, soluble, insoluble, isomers, nucleotides, polynucleotide,
amino acids, dipeptide, polypeptide, condensation, hydrolysis.
What is polymerisation?
What are isomers?
Draw a general structure of an
amino acid, which is an example
of a monomer.
3.1.2: Carbohydrates
Starch, glycogen and cellulose:
Key words:
How are α-glucose monomers arranged to form the polymers of starch and glycogen?
How are β-glucose monomers arranged to form the polymer cellulose?
How do the molecular structure of starch, glycogen and cellulose relate to their
function?
starch; condensation
reaction; osmosis;
glycogen; cellulose;
hydrogen bonds
Label the diagram to show
the structure of starch:
List some of the
properties of starch:
Draw a diagram to show the structure of cellulose:
Explain how its structure relates to its function:
What is glycogen and
what is it used for?
3.1.3: Lipids
Triglycerides and Phospholipids
Keywords:
How are triglycerides formed?
Are triglycerides polymers?
How does the structure of a phospholipid differ from a
triglyceride?
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Saturated,
Unsaturated, Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic,
R-group, Emulsion test
Draw the basic structure of a
triglyceride and label the parts.
Draw the basic structure of a
phospholipid and label the parts.
What do the keywords below mean?
Hydrophilic:
Hydrophobic:
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic and
which is hydrophobic?
Describe the emulsion test, using diagrams.
Carbohydrates and Lipids Exam Questions (due:
)
2. The diagram shows a triglyceride molecule.
1.
Name the monosaccharides of which the following
disaccharides are composed.
H
(a)
O
Fatty acid 1
(i) Sucrose
H
C
O
C
Monosaccharides
O
………………………….and …………………………… (1)
Fatty acid 2
H
(a)
C
O
(ii) Lactose
O
Fatty acid 3
Monosaccharides
H
C
………………………….and …………………………… (1)
……………………………………………………………………………
O
C
H
A
(b) Describe how you would use a biochemical test to show that a
solution contained a non-reducing sugar, such as sucrose.
C
(a) Name part A.
……………………………………………………………….. (1)
(b) With reference to the named parts of the diagram, explain the
difference between the terms:
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
(i)
Triglyceride and phospholipid;
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……….......……………………………………………………….........(2)
.......................................................................................................
(ii) saturated and unsaturated.
………………………………………………………………………………
.................................................................................................. (3)
……….......……………………………………………………….........(2)
3.1.4.1: General Properties of Proteins
Proteins
Key words: alpha-helix; amino acid; β-
How are amino acids linked to for polypeptides – the
primary structure of proteins?
How are polypeptides arranged to form the secondary
structure and then the tertiary structure of a protein?
How is the quaternary structure of a protein formed?
How are proteins identified?
pleated sheet; biuret test; dipeptide;
disulphide bonds; ionic bonds; hydrogen
bonds; peptide bond; polymerisation;
polypeptide; primary structure; protein;
quaternary structure; secondary
structure; tertiary structure;
Draw and label an amino acid:
What is the test for proteins and what results
would you expect?
Label the diagram to show the formation of a
polypeptide bond:
3.1.4.1: General Properties of Proteins
Proteins
Key words: alpha-helix; amino acid; β-
How are amino acids linked to for polypeptides – the
primary structure of proteins?
How are polypeptides arranged to form the secondary
structure and then the tertiary structure of a protein?
How is the quaternary structure of a protein formed?
How are proteins identified?
pleated sheet; biuret test; dipeptide;
disulphide bonds; ionic bonds; hydrogen
bonds; peptide bond; polymerisation;
polypeptide; primary structure; protein;
quaternary structure; secondary
structure; tertiary structure;
Draw the primary structure of a
protein:
Draw the secondary structure of
a protein:
Draw the tertiary structure of a
protein:
Draw the quaternary structure of
a protein:
3.1.4.2: Enzymes
Enzyme action
Key words:
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
How does the structure of enzyme molecules relate to their function?
What is the lock and key model of enzyme action?
What is the induced-fit model of enzyme action?
activation energy; catalyst;
enzyme; enzyme-substrate
complex; induced fit; lock and key;
substrate;
Draw a diagram to explain the lock and key model of
enzyme action:
How does an enzyme’s structure relate to its
function?
Draw a diagram to explain the induced-fit model of
enzyme action:
Draw a sketch graph to show how enzymes
speed up a reaction:
3.1.4.2: Enzymes
Factors affecting enzyme action
Key words:
How is the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction measured?
How does temperature affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled
reaction?
How does pH affect the rate of enzyme-controlled reaction?
How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction?
active site; denature;
optimum; pH; substrate
concentration; temperature
How does temperature affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled
reaction?
How does substrate concentration affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction?
How does pH affect the rate of an enzymecontrolled reaction?
3.1.4.2: Enzymes
Enzyme inhibition
Key words:
How do competitive inhibitors and non-competitive
inhibitors affect the active site?
What is enzyme inhibition?
competitive inhibitor; end-product
inhibitor; irreversible; reversible; noncompetitive inhibitor
How do competitive inhibitors affect the active
site? Use diagrams in your explanation.
How do non-competitive inhibitors affect the
active site? Use diagrams in your explanation.
Primary structure. Length = 300 nm
Proteins and Enzymes Exam Questions (due:
1. A protein is formed from 300 amino acids. The diagrams show
Primary
structure.and
Length
= 300structures
nm
the primary,
secondary
tertiary
of this protein.
Primary structure. Length = 300 nm
)
2. The graph shows the effect of substrate concentration on the rate
of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
Secondary structure. Length = 45 nm
Secondary structure. Length = 45 nm
Secondary structure. Length = 45 nm
Tertiary structure. Length = 8.6 nm
Tertiary structure. Length = 8.6 nm
(i) Explain what causes the secondary structure to differ in
length structure.
from theLength
primary
structure.
Tertiary
= 8.6
nm
…………………………………………………………………………
(a) (i) Describe what the graph shows about the effect of substrate
……………………………………………………………………….(1)
concentration on the rate of this enzyme-controlled reaction.
(ii) Explain what is meant by the tertiary structure of a protein.
……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………….(1)
……………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Heating may affect the tertiary structure of a protein. Explain
how.
…………………………………………………………………………(2)
a) (ii) What limits the rate of this reaction between points A and B?
Give the evidence from the graph for this.
…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………....(2)
…………………………………………………………………………(2)
3.1.5.1: Structure of DNA and RNA
Structure of DNA
Key words: cytosine; thymine; adenine; guanine;
What are the components of DNA?
How are these components arranged within the DNA double helix?
What is the function of DNA?
phosphate; deoxyribose sugar; condensation reaction;
mononucleotide; dinucleotide; polynucleotide;
complementary; double helix; antiparallel; hydrogen bonds
Draw and label a nucleotide
List the four bases under the following columns:
Purines
Pyrimidines
Explain how DNA forms a double helix using the key words above:
Draw and label how two nucleotides condense to form
the start of a polynucleotide strand
Explain how to the structure of DNA is linked to its function:
1.
2.
3.
3.1.5.1: Structure of DNA and RNA
Structure of RNA
Key words:
What are the components of RNA?
How and where is RNA used in cells?
adenine; thymine; guanine; cytosine; uracil; deoxyribose;
ribose; rRNA; mRNA; tRNA
How is the structure of RNA different from that of
DNA?
Name and explain 3 types of RNA and how they
are important:
3.1.5.2: DNA Replication
Replication of DNA
Key words:
What happens during DNA replication?
How is a new polynucleotide strand formed?
Why is the process of DNA replication called semi-conservation?
nuclear division; cell division; DNA
helicase; DNA polymerase, hydrogen
bonds, nucleotides, complementary
Explain the semi conservative model of DNA replication
using the key words above:
3.1.5.2: DNA Replication
Experimental Evidence for Semi-Conservative Replication
Key words:
What happens during DNA replication?
How is a new polynucleotide strand formed?
Why is the process of DNA replication called semi-conservation?
nuclear division; cell division; DNA
helicase; DNA polymerase, hydrogen
bonds, nucleotides, complementary
Explain the experimental evidence for semi conservative replication of DNA using the diagram below.
DNA and RNA Exam Questions (due:
The diagram shows part of a DNA
molecule.
)
Name the parts of the diagram labelled C, D
and E.
Part C………………………………………….
Part D………………………………………….
Part E…………………………………… ...(3)
In a piece of DNA, 34% of the bases were
thymine.
Complete the table to show the name and
percentages of the other bases. (2)
DNA is a polymer. What is the evidence from
the diagram that DNA is a polymer? (1)
Name of base
Percentage
Thymine
34
34
DNA and RNA Exam Questions (due:
The diagram shows the bases in a rRNA
molecule. In addition to A, U, C and G there
are other bases present in tRNA. The other
bases are shown by the letter D.
)
DNA and tRNA are both polynucleotide strands. Other
than their nucleotide structure, give one similarity
between the structures of DNA and tRNA (1)
Other than the difference in some of the bases, give
three ways in which the structure of DNA is different
from tRNA. (3)
1
2
Which of the bases also occur in DNA? (1)
3
DNA and RNA Exam Questions (due:
)
Describe how DNA is replicated (6)
Total mark for
DNA and RNA
Exam Qs:
/17
3.1.6: ATP
ATP
What are the components of ATP?
How is ATP broken down?
How is ATP formed?
Label the diagram of an ATP molecule:
How is ATP resynthesised after hydrolysis?
Key words: adenosine triphosphate; adenine;
ribose; inorganic phosphate; ATP hydrolase;
hydrolysis; phosphorylate; condensation;
respiration.
Use a labelled diagram to explain the
hydrolysis of ATP:
3.1.7: Water
Water is a major component of cells. It has
several properties that are important in biology
Explain the role of water, with examples,
in terms of:
Keywords: metabolite; hydrogen bonding;
dipolar; specific heat capacity; latent heat of
vaporisation; cohesion; surface temperature
Large latent heat of vaporisation:
Role as a metabolite:
Strong cohesion between the molecules:
Role as a solvent:
Has a high specific heat capacity: