Download The High Middle Ages 1050-1450

The Dark Ages
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The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - England
William The Conqueror –
•Through war he attained the crown of England.
•Extended firm control –
Domesday Book - Census
Granted fiefs to the Church and Lords
Built several castles
Required allegiance from all serfs
Created a Treasury (Royal Exchequer)
Tax System
Legal and Financial Codes
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - England
Henry II –
•Inherited the throne – energetic and well
educated
•Used customs and traditions to broaden power
•Created a Common Law, Early Jury System, and a
Royal Law code
•Conflict with Thomas Becket over trying members
of the clergy in court – Archbishop was eventually
murdered
•Becket was honored as a martyr and later
declared a saint.
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - England
John – son of Henry, greedy, cruel, many enemies
•King Philip II of France – lost land after a war
•Pope Innocent III – John rejects Pope’s selection for
Archbishop, Innocent excommunicates him and place
England under a interdict, forced to accept England as a fief
of the papacy and pay a yearly fine
•Nobles – due to high taxes/abuses of power, Nobles forced
him to sign the Magna Carta:
•recognized legal rights
•provided due process
•no taxation without representation
•monarch must obey the law
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - England
Edward I –
•Used Parliament for their own gain (advice, $$)
•Parliament used the principles of Checks & Balances,
and representative government
•Two houses of Parliament
House of Lords – nobles and high clergy
House of Commons – knights and middle class
Power of the purse
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - France
Hugh Capet (Capetians) –
•Chosen by the Nobles because he was weak
•Gained a massive amount of power by making the
throne hereditary, acquiring lands by playing nobles
against each other, won support of the Church,
created an effective bureaucracy, imposed taxes,
created a Royal Law Code, gained backing of the
middle class
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - France
Philip Augustus (Philip II) – shrewd and able ruler
•Appointed and paid middle class officials who
were loyal to him
•Granted many charters to towns
•Organized a standing army
•Created a national tax
•Gained extra land and support of the Church by
defeating heretics in what is called the Albigensian
Crusade
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - France
Louis IX –
•Beloved ruler, very religious, declared a saint
•Persecuted heretics
•Expanded the court system
•Outlawed private wars
•Uses a system of checks and balances on local
officials
•Ended serfdom
•Created a strong centralized monarchy
•Heard trials himself
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - France
Philip IV – grandson of Saint Louis
•Ruthless ruler
•Raised and collected new taxes from the clergy
•Angered the Church and nobles
•Clash with Pope Boniface VIII – Pope dies in an
assault and the Papal Court was moved to Avignon
which allowed future French rulers to control
religion within the kingdom
•Established the Estates General – clergy, nobles,
and townspeople
The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Conflict # 1 – Duke Otto I vs. The Church
• Closely worked with the Church – Helped out the
Church in conflict
•Given title Emperor*(added Holy Roman)
•Too involved in Church affairs
•Desired the wealth of Italy
•Conflict over appointments of Church officials
•Results: Cluniac Reforms – Separate the two
powers
The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Conflict # 2 – Pope Gregory vs. Henry IV
• Pope Gregory was reforming the Church and
hated by monarchs
•Separated the Church and secular
•Banned Lay Investiture – Major point of conflict
•Results: Henry IV was excommunicated and the
land faced an interdict
•Concordat of Worms - only the Church had the
power to elect officials
The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Conflict # 3 – Frederick I & Frederick II vs. many
Popes
•Both had desires to conquer the wealthy cities of
Italy and Sicily
•Frederick II – well educated and determined
•Results: unsuccessful clashes with popes – nobles
at home gain too much power – split the German
Empire into smaller feudal states
The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Conflict # 4 – Pope Innocent III vs. Everyone
•During his reign, the church was at the height of
power
•Clashed with many emperors and won
•Excommunicated John and Philip II
•Led a brutal crusade with Philip II to defeat the
Albigensians
The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Conflict # 5 – Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII
•Philip IV successfully challenged and killed the
Pope
•Moved the Papal Court to Avignon
Causes and Effects – The Crusades
Primary Causes
•1050’S – Seljuk Turks invaded Byzantine Empire and
took over lands.
•Emperor Alexius I sends a message to Pope Urban II
requesting help.
Secondary Causes
•Religion – Council of Clermont – Pope rallies people to
prepare for a “Holy War.”
•Wealth & land – Increase Church/King power
•Escape troubles, adventure, outlet for growing
population
•Heal split between the Roman & Byzantine Church
Causes and Effects – The Crusades
Major Effects
•1ST Crusade – only victory, Christians capture Palestine in
1099 and massacred many Muslims-the land was divided
into 4 parts.
•Saladin – recaptures it in 1187.
•3RD Crusade failed.
•4TH Crusade – Christians fought each other over wealth
and land. Muslims defeated them at Acre in 1291.
•Increased trade, increased Papal and Feudal Kings power
– Taxes
•Money economy – undermined serfdom
•Cultural Diffusion – Marco Polo
Causes and Effects – The Crusades
Major Effects –
•Commercial Revolution - $$
•Age of Exploration
•Reconquista –
Slowly drive Muslims from Spain
Ferdinand & Isabella desired ONE unified state
Defeated Muslim forces in Granada
Ended the policy of religious toleration – Inquisition
Legacy of religious hatred as Jews, Muslims and
other were persecuted for heresy
The Reconquista of Spain
The Upper Middle Ages - New Learning
•Need for education expanded – Better Clergy, Businesses,
Jobs, Etc.
•Academic Guilds led to the 1st Universities (Salerno,
Bologna, Paris, Oxford); Very strict standards and academic
training.
•Women were not allowed to attend – Exception Christine
de Pizan (City of Ladies)
• The knowledge of Ancient Greece spread to Europe via
Muslim traders and later translated from Arabic to Latin.
•Faced with a challenge of dealing with Reason and Faith –
Scholasticism
Use of reason to support Christian beliefs
Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica
The Upper Middle Ages – Art & Architecture
•Romanesque – thick walls and towers, minimal
windows, dark and gloomy
•Gothic – flying buttresses, high walls, stained-glass
windows
•Stained-glass
•Carved sculptures
•Illumination or artistic decoration of books – color
and detail
The Upper Middle Ages – Science & Math
•No real progress in either discipline.
•Relied on the achievements of Greek and Muslim
thinkers.
•Conflict between knowledge and Church teachings
– Relied on the Church too much.
•Eventually replaced Roman numerals with Arabic
numerals.
The Upper Middle Ages – Medieval Literature
•Writing in the Vernacular
•Use of Epics – feudal warriors, battles, common
people, spirit of the time
Poem of the Cid – battle against Muslims in
Spain
•Divine Comedy – Dante – Humor, tragedy, quest for
understanding, summary of Christian ethics
•Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales
The Upper Middle Ages – A Time of Crisis
Approximately 1347 –
•By 1348, the Bubonic Plague reached Spain and
France.
•Due to unsanitary conditions, the disease had the
potential to kill millions. The process was agonizing.
•People were confused because they did not
understand its origins or preventative medical
treatment – Many viewed it as God’s punishment
•Production down - Wages high
•Land was converted to raising sheep.
•Riots
The Upper Middle Ages – A Time of Crisis
1300’S-EARLY 1400’S •Black death –Crisis, scandal, and division
• Lacked strong leadership
• Babylonian Captivity
• Lavish life-styles
• Multiple Pope’s
•John Wycliffe – translated the Bible to English and
claimed it was the source of truth.
•Jan Hus (Hussites) - tried for heresy and burned.
The Upper Middle Ages – A Time of Crisis
1337 – 1453
•Fought between England & France
•England wanted to hold onto lands in France. French
kings wanted to extend power.
•Edward III claims French crown – war erupts.
•England was winning – used new weapons such as the
longbow.
•Joan of Arc – sent by God to crush the English – led
French to many victories; Caught and burned at the
stake.
•French took the offensive with help from the cannon.