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Your Homework Tonight Honors
Read pages 204211, and answer
numbers 18 – 22,
and then numbers
2, 4, 7 in the
Standardized
Test Prep Section
JQ: If you were to wake up on a
deserted island tomorrow,
how would you survive?
Essential
Question:
How do
organisms
ensure their
survival?
Atmosphere was filled with
hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen,
hydrogen sulfide & water vapor
Miller/Urey Experiment
Recreated
early Earth
atmosphere &
passed electric
spark into
environment.
st
1
Some Organic molecules
formed (Proteins, Carbs. Lipids &
Nucleic Acids) – Molecules that
make up living organisms.
nd
2
Proteinoid Microspheres
formed – grouping of organic
molecules forming what looks like
primitive cell.
3rd RNA & DNA formed – molecules
that describe how to make living
organisms.
RNA
DNA
3.5 bya fossils show presence of
prokaryotic cells (cells w/o a
nucleus).
Formed in the absence of oxygen
and underwater. (Chemosynthesis)
2 Types of Prokaryotes:
Archaea
Bacteria
Extremophiles
Common Cold
Organisms
then became
photosynthetic
= food &
oxygen
released into
atmoshphere.
Ozone Layer
(O3) formed.
Oxygen rose and became deadly
for organisms = change became a
must.
Organisms learned to use oxygen
to generate energy.
2 bya Eukaryotic cells (cells with a
nucleus) formed from the joining of
several prokaryotic organisms
(endosymbiotic theory).
Avatar Continued…
Exploring Evolutionary Concepts
Questions to answer when watching the movie:
1. Do you believe in soul mates? Do the navi believe in
soul mates? Provide example(s).
2. Do any of the ikran (banshee’s) look or act the
same? Provide examples.
3. Do any of the navi look or act the same? Provide
examples.
4. If any of the organisms from above look and act
different develop an explanation as to why?
5. Provide examples from the movie demonstrating how
Jake is able to ensure the survival of his avatar.
Mountain Banshee
Research
As a young Evolutionary
biologist you are on a quest to
understand how organisms ensure
their survival.
To do this you will have to
obtain one of the banshee eggs
found within this room. Once
found you will have to grow and
test your banshee to understand
it.
Find an egg. Return to your seat.
DO NOT OPEN THE EGG!
Mountain Banshee
Research
1.
2.
3.
4.
Open your egg.
What is inside?
What do these codes do?
Compare with someone
near you, are the codes
identical?
5. How will you decode the
language of the banshee’s
genes?
Banshee Genome
1.Inside your eggs there
is a list of codes for 11
traits.
2.Each trait has two
sequences of DNA,
representing homologous
genes.
3.To build your banshee
you will have to decode
the genes.
BACKGROUND
1. Genome – refers to the
full diploid set of DNA
for an organism
2. You can get a genome
from almost every
somatic cell in your
body.
3. Human Genome Projectcompleted in 2003
Do Now: Form two
lines in the classroom.
(Roughly 12 students
in one line, and 12 in
the other)
Journal Question:
(after the game is
done) What is the
purpose of this
activity? Explain.
Telephone Game
1.Gather into two
even lines.
2.To win the game,
the last person in
the line has to act
out the message
being passed along.
Telephone Game Scenario’s
A) In order to get an A on this activity the last person
in the line must hop to the front lab desk and open up
the 2nd draw from the right side of the desk. Pull out
an object and then bark like dog three times. When
finished wink at the teacher with your left eye.
B) In order to get an A on this activity the last person
in the line must skip to the front of the room, turn
around and face the desks. Locate the chair in the 4th
row, 3rd column. Sit in the desk chair backwards and
moo like a cow one time. When finished wink at the
teacher with your right eye.
Telephone Game
Questions
1. How important is
effective
communication in
society?
2.Do you think your
cells/molecules
ever play the
telephone game?
Journal Question:
With the person
sitting near you,
describe the basic
steps of
transcription and
translation
Take out
homework
Lets recall some
information for a minute:
1.What is a gene?
2.What do genes code for?
3.What is the function of a
protein (examples)?
4.What determines the
function of a protein?
5. What are all proteins made
of?
Link to Animation
(go to 7:06 – 17:33)
How are
proteins made?
Proteins are created
in two steps called
transcription &
translation.
AKA: Gene Expression
Link to Animation
STEP 1:
Transcription
Instructions on how
to make the protein
are copied from the
gene into a
messenger RNA
molecule. (Make a
“Xerox copy” of the
gene)
What is RNA?
RNA similar to DNA, BUT it
is single stranded instead of
double stranded.
Monomer Unit: nucleotide
{ribose sugar instead of
deoxyribose, and Uracil (U)
instead of Thymine (T)}
Function: DNA’s helper –
carries out DNA’s
instructions for making
proteins (mRNA, tRNA,
rRNA)
Transcription -In Depth
1. Transcription factor is
a protein that binds to
the Promoter to
regulate transcription
2. In many genes,
Promoter begins with
TATAAA sequence
called TATA Box
3. Once transcription
factors are in place,
RNA polymerase makes
mRNA transcript
Transcription -In Depth
Two types of Transcription
factors:
Activator: protein that
recruits RNA polymerase to
bind to the promoter
Repressor: protein that
blocks RNA polymerase from
binding to the promoter
Transcription Practice
DNA: GTTGAATAACTATAAACCCGCGC
AATCTGGCTTACAGACTCCGGCCCATTGC
GCCGCAGATTACT
GENE: TACAGACTCCGGCCCATT
Pre-mRNA: AUGUCU GAG GCC GGG UAA
Pre-mRNA: AUGUCU GAG GCC GGG UAA
Exons
Introns
Transcription -In Depth
4. We now have premRNA! The introns of
Pre-mRNA must be
removed (spliced out) by
spliceosomes
5. mRNA leaves nucleus
and travels to ribosome
for translation
Spliceosomes in Action
GENE: TACAGACTCCGGCCCATT
Pre-mRNA:
mRNA:AUGUCUGCCUAA
AUGUCU GAG GCC GGG UAA
Spliceosome
When does RNA polymerase
stop transcribing the gene?
There are 3 sequence
that end a gene:
1. ACT
2. ATT
3. ATC
Journal Question:
As you come in take one of
the packets from the
front of the room.
Working with a partner
complete pages 1 & 2.
Once finished we will
reconvene up front and
finish decoding your
banshee genes and
determine what it will look
like and how it will act.
Have fun and we shall talk
in about 20 minutes.
Step 2: Translation
*Goal is to read mRNA &
construct the protein*
1.
mRNA is read by
ribosomes in groups
of 3 letters called
codons. (AUG, ACC)
2. Codon tells tRNA
which amino acid to
get.
Translation
Link to
Animation
1. Initiation
How does translation
begin?
2. Elongation
How does the ribosome
help translation continue?
3. Termination
How does the ribosome
know when to stop the
process of translation?
The Codon
Chart
*Conclusions*
Now, can you expand on your answers
to the questions?
“How does the telephone game relate
to protein synthesis?”
“What happens if the message
changes in any step of the process?”
“Are these changes good or bad?”
Journal Question:
Are the enzymes in your body able
to think? Explain.
Review Questions:
1. How is a sex chromosome
different from an Autosome?
2. How many pieces of DNA does
your banshee have?
3. What is the diploid number for
your banshee’s cells?
4. How many homologous pairs of
DNA does your banshee genome
have?
5. How was your banshee’s genome
created?
Creating a Banshee Genome
+
Male Banshee
Sperm
Dad
N = 4
Female
Banshee Egg
Mom
N = 4
=
Fertilized
Banshee Egg
1st Cell
Diploid Cell
2(4) = 8
Karyotyping
Recall
1. Paired?
2. Banding?
3. Arrangement?
4. XX vs. XY?
5. How do sex
cells compare?
Closer look at DNA in a Karyotype
AAAAGGAATCGGA
TTGGGAATATAAA
TTAAAAACGAACCG
TACCCCGTTTGTAT
TCGGACT
TCGGACTAAAAGGC
ATTTACCCTATAAA
CAATGGGGGAAGGA
TACTTATTTCAGCG
TCCCATC
TCCCATCCAATGGG
ATATAAACGGATTG
GGTACGGGAATACT
GGACACGCAATGGG
CCG
CGGACTAAAAGGC
ATTTACCCTATAA
ATTAAAAACGAAC
TACCCCTCTGTTTG
TATT
TATTAAAAGGAAT
CGGATTGGGAATA
TAAACAATGGGGG
TACTTATTTCAGC
GTCCCATC
GTCCCATCTATAA
ACGGATTGGGTAC
AAGACTGGACACG
CAATGGGCCGC
Creating a Banshee Karyotype
b
short
D
B
Long
D
Long
Long
Y
B
Yellow
Blue
Body Length
Long
Wing Span
Long/Long
1. Using your banshee genome identify
homologous chromosomes.
2. Determine how long each piece
homologous chromosome will be.
Develop your own scale so that it can
fit on one piece of paper.
3. Draw bands (genes) within the
homologous chromosome. They will
Color Pattern
have to be scaled as well.
Yellow/Blue
4. Insert the letter used to represent
each gene in the bands. Be sure to
use either upper of lower case.
5. Label the phenotype of each gene.
JQ: Are we the product of nature,
or nurture? Explain.
JQ: No Journal Question. Have a
seat and take out the “Decoding the
Banshee Genome” Packet
Journal Question:
If you flip a coin
100 times, will you
always get 50
heads and 50 tails?
NO Journal
Question Today!
Take some time
to review for
your quest! You
will need a
pencil.
What is the
weirdest looking
animal you have
ever seen?
Leafy Seadragon
Sloth – Native to Central & South America
Have a very slow metabolism so they need very little food.
Often stay in one tree their entire lives. They give birth to
their babies upside down.
Komodor Dog– Native to Hungary
Tarsier Monkey
Native to
Philippines
3.5 to 6.25 inches in
height & about 6oz in
weight
Probiscus Monkey – Native Borneo in Southeast
Asia
Its nose swells and turns red when excited or
angry. Make loud honking sounds when they
sense danger.
Aye-aye– Native to Madagascar (Africa)
They are related to chimps, apes and humans.
Nocturnal and often thought of as bad luck.
Blobfish – Native to Australia & Tasmania
They have no muscles and wait in one spot for their
food to pass by. Because of this action they are
referred to as lazy fish.
Why do
organisms look
and act the way
they do?
Emperor Tamarin