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English II
Week of 8 to 12 December
8 December
Warm Up: Grammar Notes
Essential Question: What are phrases and clauses?
Today’s Agenda:
• Grammar
• Finish Reading Part 1 of Oedipus
Tomorrow’s Agenda:
• Continue reading Oedipus
Clauses
• Participles and Participial Phrases
• Participles – a form of a verb that can act as an adjective
• Verb or Participle? – A verb form shows an action or condition. A participle
acting as an adjective modifies (describes) a noun or a pronoun.
• Example: The barometer is falling (verb)
• Example: The falling barometer indicated a change in the weather.
• Participle Phrase – A participle modified by an adverb or adverb phrase or
accompanied by a complement
• Example: The woman playing the harp is my aunt.
• Example: The clerk standing behind the counter was helpful.
Clauses
1. Bob had a splint on his broken finger.
2. The sitter finally quieted the crying baby.
3. The crowd applauded the governor’s stirring speech.
4. We put the injured bird in a shoe box.
5. I heave never tried that frozen dessert.
6. Please send a copy to the acting chairman.
7. The lifeguard tried to save the drowning man.
8. Have you already applied for a building permit?
9. Loiuse regretted her broken promise.
10. The committee approved the revised proposal.
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
• Gerund – a form of a verb that acts as a noun.
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Subject – Jogging is a popular exercise.
Direct Object – That device makes driving safer.
Indirect Object – Ellen gives studying her undivided attention.
Predicate Nominative – Quentin’s first love is swimming.
Object of the Preposition – The guests grew tired of waiting.
Appositive – Kathy is dedicated to her profession, teaching.
• Verb, participle or Gerund? – words ending in –ing that act as nouns are gerunds. They do not show action
nor do they act as an adjective
• Verb: Dad is cooking fish.
• Participle: He took cooking lessons.
• Gerund: He enjoys cooking.
• Gerund Phrases – a gerund with modifiers or a complement, all acting together as a noun.
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Example: Sleeping late is a luxury to many people (subject)
Example: By far the biggest inconvenience was the store’s closing early (predicate nominative)
Example: Ann encouraged our staying so long (direct object)
Example: The guide helped by giving us directions (object of the preposition)
Gerunds
1. Fishing can be a relaxing past time.
2. On rainy days, Andrew enjoys reading.
3. Erica is afraid of flying.
4. Losing is never a happy experience.
5. The teacher accused Gail of cheating.
6. We looked forward to the main event, bowling.
7. Pruning is important to the health of trees and shrubs.
8. Les’s favorite sport, skiing, is an expensive interest.
9. Marge gave volunteering an important role in her life.
10. Hank has shown no aptitude for drawing.
Gerund Phrases
1. At the age of five, Pam began learning French.
2. My little brother’s latest skill is counting to ten.
3. Training long hours is not unusual for an athlete.
4. Wilma kept changing her mind about the color for the walls.
5. Working for the mayor’s reelection has been a learning experience.
6. Mom appreciated our working so hard.
7. The guard prevented us from entering the house.
8. The hardest part was choosing a good topic.
9. We still have hope of finding the buried treasure.
10. Marci became a superb pianist by practicing hard.
Oedipus – from page 462
• The Oracle –
• As a young man Oedipus learned from the oracle at Delphi that he was fated to kill his father
and marry his mother.
• He fled Corinth to avoid fulfilling the prophecy.
• During his travels he encountered a chariot that tried to run him off the road and he killed
the charioteer and the passenger.
• The Riddle of the Sphinx
• Oedipus arrived outside Thebes where a monster called the Sphinx was terrorizing the city.
• She ate everyone who tried and failed to solve the riddle.
• Oedipus answered the riddle and married the queen
• A new prophecy
• Oedipus ruled Thebes for 20 years when the city was struck by a devastating plague. The play
Oedipus the King begins when Oedipus consults the oracle and learns that the plague will not
end until Laius’ murderer is exiled from Thebes
Part 1
• Background
• Ancient Greek plays followed the following format:
• A prologue presents background and describes the conflict
• The chorus, or group of dancers enters and sings a parados
• Choral songs called odes, separate scenes. They are divided into alternating parts called
Strophe and antistrophe.
• Characters
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Oedipus – King of Thebes
Jocasta – his wife
Creon – his brother in law
Teiresias – an old blind prophet
A priest
First Messenger
Second Messenger
A Herdsman
a chorus of old men of Thebes
Part 1 Questions
1.
2.
3.
Where does the opening scene take place?
As Oedipus turns to address the Priest, how might his tone of voice change?
According to the stage directions and dialogue, whom does Oedipus address when he first
appears?
4. What major conflict or problem does the first scene introduce?
5. What great service did Oedipus provide the city when he first arrived in Thebes?
6. What information does Oedipus provide in lines 66-77?
7. Who was king of Thebes before Oedipus?
8. What dominant image does Sophocles present in lines 120-130? How does this image apply to
Oedipus?
9. What are the different ways in which Sophocles uses irony to make the audience feel both
sympathetic and superior to Oedipus? (155-170)
10. According to the emotions Oedipus expresses toward both is subjects and himself, what kind of
leader does he seem to be?
468-474
9 December
Warm Up: Grammar
Essential Question: What are the central themes of Greek Drama?
Today’s Agenda:
• Grammar
• Part 1 of Oedipus
• Quiz - Oedipus
Tomorrow’s Agenda:
• Continue reading Oedipus
• Grammar
• Quiz
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
• Infinitives – a form of a verb that generally appears with the word to and acts as a noun, adjective or adverb
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Subject: To forgive takes understanding and generosity.
Direct Object: Warren offered to help.
Predicate Nominative: The team’s desire was to win.
Object of a Preposition: We had no choice but to follow.
Appositive: Nina has one great desire, to travel.
Adjective: I am looking for something to read.
Adverb: This tool is easy to use
• Prepositional Phrase or Infinitive? – a prepositional phrases always ends with a noun or pronoun. An
infinitive always ends with a verb.
• Prepositional Phrase: We went to Mexico for vacation
• Infinitive: Is this a good place to stand?
• Infinitive Phrases – an infinitive with modifiers, complements or a subject all acting together as a single part
of speech.
• Direct Object: We offered to give them a hand.
• Direct Object: Have June tell them the news.
• Subject: To sit still was hard for the child.
Infinitives – identify the infinitive (N, ADJ,
ADV)
1. Mrs. Link’s advice was hard to accept.
2. Tom’s willingness to work impressed his employer.
3. Is the Chinese language difficult to learn?
4. That plan is not likely to succeed.
5. New foods are often interesting to try.
6. Daedalus’s great dream was to fly.
7. Hockey is an exciting sport to watch.
8. Hal’s desire to rule has become an obsession.
9. In spite of the noise and confusion, we tried to listen.
10. The band finally began to play.
Infinitive Phrases – Identify the phrase (part
of speech N, Adj, Adv)
1. The coach’s example is one to take seriously.
2. We all made an effort to work harder.
3. The contest requires all entries to be mailed by Thursday.
4. The players were eager to try on their new uniforms.
5. The director asked Mindy to audition for the part.
6. The children did not want to wait till dinnertime.
7. The innkeeper provided us with a place to spend the night.
8. This is the best place to find that game.
9. All of us will have to sell some of these tickets.
10. Vera’s parents encouraged her to apply for the job.
Reading Quiz Oedipus Part 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
At the beginning of the play, where have the townspeople gathered?
What is Oedipus' initial attitude toward the crowd that has gathered?
Who speaks for the people of Thebes as their leader?
Who does the priest say has gathered?
Why does the priest say they've come to Oedipus?
How is the tale of Oedipus and the Sphinx treated in the town?
Who does the priest suggest Oedipus listen to, in order to solve the town's problems?
What is Creon's relationship to Oedipus?
Where has Oedipus sent Creon?
Why does Oedipus ask Creon to speak in front of the townspeople?
Oedipus the King - Background
• The Gods
• As the chorus reminds the gods that they have helped Thebes before, the audience is also
reminded that Apollo has in effect sent Oedipus both to save the city by killing the sphinx and
to bring destruction on the city in working out his own destiny.
• Religious Context
• The chorus (whose members are Athenian citizens play the part of Thebians on stage) invoke
Dionysus who is a descendant of the house of Cadmus. Oedipus the King and other dramatic
performances were part of the larger context of religious and civic ritual. The altar of
Dionysus was at the center of the stage area and was visible to the audience.
• Mythological References
• The chorus says that the plague is as devastating as war. For the Athenian audience engaged
in war, the reference to Ares and to the devastation of war adds poignancy to the lament
about the plague. The association between Ares as the God “who burns us” and the heat of
the sun lead the chorus to wish Ares would turn back in his course, seeing him as the Sun
God Helios who races through the sky in his golden chariot.
Oedipus Part 1 Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
What happened to King Laius?
What purpose does the chorus serve in this tragic drama?
What kinds of gestures might the chorus perform during the strophe? (lines 205-215)
In lines 234-236 what aspects of his life story does Oedipus’ description of himself
emphasize?
5. With which god is the chorus most distressed (477)?
6. How does Oedipus’ decision to seek out the murderer of Laius add to his stature as a
hero?
7. Why has Oedipus summoned Lord Teiresias?
8. How might the actor playing Oedipus vary his tone of voice in the dialogue with
Teiresias (350-365)?
9. What is ambiguous about Teiresias’ words? (380-385)
10. Why is Oedipus angry with Teiresias?
475-481
Reading Notes
• In Greek tragedy the hero is traditionally of noble birth. Although the
hero usually possesses outstanding character traits, he or she also
exhibits one or more negative traits that constitute a “tragic flaw”
which contributes directly to the hero’s downfall.
• The term rendered as “those you love best (line 410) has a rich range
of connotations in Greek; its primary sense is “those who are your
closest kin” but it is also used by extension to refer to those who are
like kin by virture of being “most trusted allies” “dearest friends” or
“most beloved”
Oedipus Part 1
1. What flaw in Oedipus’ character is suggested by his choosing to
accuse Teiresias?
2. What emotions might Teiresisas’ speech which emphasizes a curse
and Oedipus’ blindness have evoked in the Athenian audience?
3. According to Teiresias who is the murderer whom Oedipus seeks?
4. How does Oedipus react to the mention of his parents? Why does
he react that way? (510-515)
5. How does Oedipus react to the information that Teiresias gives
him?
481-485
10 December
Warm Up: Grammar
Essential Question: What are the central themes of Greek Drama?
Today’s Agenda:
• Grammar
• Part 1 of Oedipus
• Quiz - Oedipus
Tomorrow’s Agenda:
• Continue reading Oedipus
• Grammar
• Quiz
Adjective Clauses
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A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb.
An independent clause can stand by itself as a complete sentence
A subordinate clause can only be part of a sentence
Adjective clause – a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun by
telling what kind or which one. An adjective clause begins with relative pronouns
or relative adverbs.
• Example: The woman who made the speech is not, herself, a candidate.
• Example: He is a performer whose work I always enjoy.
• Introductory Words – relative pronouns connect adjective clauses to the words
they modify. They also play a role within their own clauses. Relative adverbs
connect adjective clauses to the words they modify and act as adverbs within the
clauses.
• Example: The movie that is playing now is a comedy (subject)
• Example: The movie that we saw last night was a documentary (direct object)
Adjective clauses – Identify the clause and the
word it modifies
1. The house where John F. Kennedy was born is now a museum
2. This soup has a spice that I can’t identify.
3. Mom is the one for whom I left the message.
4. Len is the one whose mother is the district attorney.
5. Ohio is a state that cherishes football.
6. Mr. Paulson is the teacher who inspired me to study chemistry.
7. Wendy is someone I have known since kindergarten.
8. Emily Dickenson is a poet whose work was once ignored.
9. A calculator is something Dad will surely like.
10. Where is the box in which I keep my change?
Adverb Clauses
• Adverb Clause – Subordinate adverb clauses modify verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, or verbals by telling where, when, in what manner, to what
extent, under what condition, or why.
• All adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions
• Example: When friends sleep over, we don’t usually sleep very much.
• Example: Anita looks better than I have ever seen her look before.
• Example: Moving wherever there was work, the migrant family had no permanent
home.
• Elliptical Adverb Clauses – one in which the verb or subject and verb are
understood but not actually stated.
• Example: Peter was in a bigger hurry than I (was) – verb understood
• Example: I like apple pie better than (I like) peach. – subject and verb understood
Adverb Clauses
1. My parents will be happy if we are home by eleven.
2. We planted the garden where it would get the most sun.
3. Dad volunteers at the hospital whenever he has time.
4. After the butter has melted, add the chopped vegetables.
5. Sally will help if you ask her.
6. While sick, Fan read several books a day.
7. Each applicant was better qualified than the one before.
8. Dan is the same age as Ben.
9. The couch was delivered today, as the clerk had promised.
10. I like swimming better than jogging.
Noun Clauses
• Noun clause – a subordinate clause that acts as a noun. In a sentence, a
noun clause may have any function of a single-word noun.
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Subject: How the accident happened remains a mystery.
Direct Object: We couldn’t decide what the best plan would be.
Indirect Object: Now you can tell whomever you want the plan.
Predicate Nominative: More shelf space is what you need.
Object of a Preposition: The committee disagreed about what its role should be.
Appositive: His idea, that all people are equal, is central to American democracy
• Introductory Words – may act as subjects, direct objects, objects of
prepositions, adjectives, or adverbs in noun clauses; or they may simply
introduce the clauses without any internal function.
Noun Clauses – identify the clause – identify
the introductory word – identify the function
1. That we arrived just then was lucky.
2. Do you know when the last bus leaves?
3. The committee will give whoever wins a savings bond.
4. That she was sick was obvious to all.
5. One consideration was which house has more space.
6. I suggest that you enter the contest again.
7. We wondered about whatever became of Jane.
8. Please tell whomever you see the time of the party.
9. What Carol reported surprised all of us.
10. Tom’s dilemma was whether he should work or go fishing.
Oedipus the King Quiz 2
1. Where does the opening scene take place?
2. What major conflict/problem does the 1st scene introduce? Which category of
conflict does it fall in?
3. What great service did Oedipus provide the city when he first arrived in Thebes?
4. Who was the king of Thebes before Oedipus?
5. Which way does a choral move in strophe and antistrophe?
6. With which god is the chorus more distressed?
7. Why has Oedipus summoned Lord Teiresais?
8. Why is Oedipus angry with Teiresais?
9. According to Teiresais, who is the murderer whom Oedipus seeks?
10.How does Oedipus react to the information that Teiresais gives him?
Oedipus the King - Background
• Athenian Justice – one of the casualties of the Athenian empire was the legal system as it applied
to allies and other noncitizens. As the “tyrant city” Athens meted out summary and often brutal
retribution or “justice”. Oedipus is not only an individual nut the embodiment of imperial Athens,
the polis tyrannos.
• Pericles – Oedipus’ viewpoint is very close to Pericle’s rhetoric as reported by Thucydides. Seeing
Oedipus as specifically one of them, a recognizable contemporary Athenian type, involves the
audience on multiple levels.
• The function of the chorus in Greek drama is to comment on the dramatic action and set the
action in the overall context of Greek life and religion and it may occasionally advise the
characters or express sympathy with the tragic hero.
• Ship of State – Lines 768-772 – It is particularly appropriate for the Athenian maritime empire to
thing of rule in terms of navigation.
• Fate – For the ancient Greeks, fate could be visualized like weaving: the parameters are fixed as
are some elements of the final cloth; some variation is possible, but it will not change the size of
the cloth. What Oedipus the King reveals is that because they are human, all mortals have limited
vision. For Aristotle, being who you are, in the culture or situation that constrains you, prevents
you from understanding the information at hand
Oedipus the King Part 1 – Pg 486-498
1.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
In what ways does Oedipus seem heroic and in what ways does he seem flawed?
Why does Creon return?
What flaw in Oedipus’ character is suggested by his choosing to accuse Creon?
What does the chorus want Oedipus to do? (695-710)
Is Oedipus’ interpretation of his own situation justified? Why?
How does Oedipus want to punish Creon?
In what ways do Jocasta’s actions parallel those of her husband earlier in the play?
How does Jocasta’s “proof” that oracles are meaningless and should not be heeded actually
prove the opposite of what she intends?
9. What meaning is evident in Jocasta’s concluding statement that Apollo shows what he wants to
reveal by himself?
10. Oedipus comments on Jocasta’s (784-807) in lines 808-810 are a different response than what
he should have responded. Why? What key words should have caught his attention?
Oedipus the King Part 1 – Pg 486-498
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
According to Jocasta what did the oracle say would happen to Laius?
Why is Jocasta frightened? What is Oedipus’ deadly fear (850-860)?
What does the servant ask of Jocasta when he sees that Laius is dead and Oedipus is king?
How does Oedipus’ story about growing up in Corinth relate to Jocasta’s description of Lauis’
murder?
What aspects of Oedipus’ character are reinforced by the way he tells the story in lines 907908?
On what details in the tale of Laius’ murder does Oedipus base his hope that he is innocent?
What did Oedipus do to avoid fulfilling the horrors he was told awaited him?
How do you think this ode may have affected the audience (lines 960-990)?
In what wasy do the second strophe and the antistrophe present two different viewpoints
about the relationship between the gods and humanity?
Paraphrase the words of the chorus in the first strophe.
December 11
Warm Up: Grammar
Essential Question: What are the central themes of Greek Drama?
Today’s Agenda:
• Grammar
• Part 1 of Oedipus
• Quiz - Oedipus
Tomorrow’s Agenda:
• Continue reading Oedipus
• Grammar
• TEST PART 1
Grammar Notes
• Types of sentences classified by structure and function
• Simple – One independent clause (subject or verb or both may be compound)
• Example: Tom played well.
• Example: Tom and Ali played well.
• Example: Tom and Ali played well and won.
• Compound – Two or more independent clauses
• Example: The train arrived on time but no one got on or off.
• Complex – One independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses
• Example: Though no one got off, we still waited.
• Compound-complex – Two or more independent clauses and one or more
subordinate clauses
• Example: I saw someone who looked familiar, but it was someone else.
Warm Up – Sentences (Simple and Compound)
1. We had hoped for a break in the weather, but the forecast is bleak.
2. Friends and strangers alike worked side by side piling sandbags.
3. Jan poised on the end of the board, took a deep breath, and dived.
4. The children may have been pleased, but their parents were not.
5. Paul finished his chores early, so he was free to go with us.
6. The aide denied ever having made that statement.
7. The task seemed impossible; nevertheless, we agreed to try.
8. We stood inside the clubhouse, waiting for the rain to stop.
9. Some people offered to help; some agreed reluctantly; others refused.
10. Jody made a wish and blew out the candles.
Warm Up – Sentences (Sentence structure)
1. The group is trying to decide how they will raise the money.
2. The inspector warned the investigators to use extreme caution.
3. The horses approached the finish line, and the spectators roared.
4. We should hurry, or the train will leave without us.
5. The Bombers and the Torpedoes will play in the championship.
6. Amy would be a better choice, for she speaks better than I.
7. The president smiled and shook hands with each guest.
8. Although I like math and science, I do better in languages.
9. The baby picked up the spook and threw it across the room.
10. Can you fix the dessert Hall likes, or shall I have him bring it?
Oedipus the King – Quiz 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What physical ailment afflicts Teiresias?
How does Oedipus react to the information that Teiresias gives him?
Of what does Oedipus accuse Creon in the scene beginning at line 576?
Why does Creon return?
What does Oedipus accuse Creon of doing?
How does Oedipus want to punish Creon?
According to Jocasta what did the oracle say would happen to Laius?
What does the servant ask of Jocasta when he sees that Laius is dead and
Oedipus is king?
9. What did Oedipus do to avoid fulfilling the horrors he was told awaited him?
10. On what details of Laius’ murder did Oedipus base his hope that he is
innocent?
Notes – Introduction to Part II
• Irony – the result of a pointed contrast between appearances or
expectations and reality.
• Verbal irony – the use of words to suggest the opposite of their usual meaning
• Situational irony – when the outcome of an action or situation directly contradicts
expectations.
• When readers or audience members are aware of truths that the characters
themselves do not perceive.
• In Part I the people of Thebes beg Oedipus to save them from a disastrous
plague. When Creon, the brother of Queen Jocasta, reports that the
Delphic Oracle demands the punishment of King Laius’ killer, Oedipus
commits himself to solving the crime. He becomes enraged with the
prophet Teiresias who tells Oedipus that he himself is the murderer.
Teiresias adds that Oedipus will suffer a terrible destiny blinded and outcast
from society.
12 December
Warm Up: Grammar
Essential Question: What are the central conflicts of Oedipus the King?
Today’s Agenda:
• Grammar
• Part 2 of Oedipus
• Test – Oedipus the King Part 1
Monday’s Agenda:
• Continue reading Oedipus
• Grammar
Sentence Combining
• Combining Ideas – join two or more short sentences by using
compound subjects or verbs, by using phrases, or by writing
compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences.
• Example: Westfield won its game last night. Branford also won. (separate)
• Example: Both Westfield and Branford won their games last night.
• Example: The boy screamed for his mother. He realized that he was lost.
• Example: When the boy realized he was lost, he screamed for his mother.
Combine the sentences in each question into
a single sentence
1.
Broadway musicals are often difficult for amateurs. They have large casts and elaborate
production numbers.
2. My favorite breakfast is pancakes. I like to have bacon with my pancakes.
3. It is a quality magazine. It is intended for people interested in science.
4. Timmy made the birdhouse himself. He just followed the directions.
5. Today’s editorial was quite alarming. It was about toxic waste.
6. He is a very gifted athlete. He works hard in practice. He is the best player on the team.
7. The band members wanted to leave the stage. The crowd implored them to continue. They
played another song.
8. Gerri’s children were grown. She went back to school. She became a physical therapist.
9. Sean never does well on standardized tests. He gets good grades in school. He works very hard.
10. The ice storm lasted for two days. The roads were treacherous. School was canceled for the
week.
TEST – Part 1 Oedipus the King
5 Complete Sentences for each response MIMIMUM. Include Line Numbers where appropriate
1.
The leading figure in a tragedy is usually a person of high birth or noble status who also possesses outstanding personal traits.
In what ways does Oedipus meet these requirements?
2.
Based on Part 1, which of Oedipus’ choices have determined his destiny?
3.
In greek tragedies, the chorus often comments on universal issues raised by the action. Create a chart in which you cite at least
3 examples. Chart Headings: Action or Event/Issue or Question/Choral commentary.
4.
Trace the motif, or idea, of the search for knowledge in Part I by noting three moments in which Oedipus persists in a quest for
knowledge. Indicate your answer using TEXT BASED CITATIONS AND INCLUDE LINE NUMBERS.
5.
How does the chorus try to modify Oedipus’ insistence on acquiring knowledge?
6.
How does Oedipus respond? How does his response affect his status as a tragic hero?
7.
What negative traits do Oedipus demonstrate? Are any of these traits a tragic flaw?
8.
Stage directions supply key information in drama. List and explain the significance of three separate details that appear in the
stage directions in Part I.
9.
Identify two examples of dialogue in Part I that provide hints about a character’s body language or tone of voice. Describe the
significance of these examples. PROVIDE LINE NUMBERS.
10.
Identify at least three specific qualities that a leader must possess in times of crisis and explain how Oedipus either does or
does not possess these traits.