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The Renaissance SOL 2b Objectives • The student will demonstrate an understanding of the political, cultural, geographic, and economic conditions in the world about 1500 A.D. (C.E.) by: b) describing artistic, literary, and intellectual ideas of the renaissance Essential Questions (Enabling Objectives • The student will describe the new intellectual and artistic ideas, which developed during the Renaissance and marked the beginning of the modern world {to include} – The rebirth of classical knowledge – The accomplishments of the visual arts through the work of Michelangelo, Leonardo, etc. – The Accomplishments in literature {sonnets, plays, essays} as demonstrated by the work of Petrarch and Shakespeare – The Accomplishments in Intellectual ideas (humanism) as demonstrated by the works of Erasmus, Machiavelli, etc. The Medici's • Began as merchants then took capital & went into banking • Became powerful politicians and married into royal and papal families • Lorenzo builds a library of classical works, patronizes artists • Cosimo attempts (but does not succeed) in bringing order to Florentine politics I Isabella d’ Este (French Patron of the Arts as seen by Leonardo) The Renaissance • Vocabulary – Renaissance: a French word which means rebirth. In this case the rebirth of Greek and Roman culture and knowledge in Western Europe between 1450 and 1650 A.D. – Patron: a wealthy individual who uses his or her wealth to support the arts {for example the Medici family of Florence or the Roman Catholic Pope} Renaissance Vocabulary • Perspective: One of the Greek and Roman artistic methods re-discovered during the Renaissance. Perspective allows the artist to create a feeling of depth on a two dimensional canvas making a painting look three dimensional Medieval & Renaissance painting compared: • • • Subject matter: Purpose: Techniques: Massacio: “The Expulsion of Adam And Eve” (ca. 1425) -used shading to create light and shadow -used linear persepctive Leonardo da Vinci: • Sfumato • Chiarrascurro Donatello • Revived free-standing sculpture • Studied human anatomy Renaissance Vocabulary • Humanism: The study of Greek and Roman classical literature with the intent of using that knowledge to better understand the nature of human beings { A Humanist, one who studies humanism} sought to understand the physical, emotion, and spiritual nature of man by studying anatomy, emotions, social interactions etc. by applying the knowledge of ancients cultures and drawing new conclusions about man} – Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, etc. were all humanist What is Humanism? the study of classical Roman and Greek Literature a desire to understand how things work The belief people should become involved in political affairs a critical approach to learning an emphasis on education The belief that people should support the arts the belief that life was to be lived joyfully the belief in human dignity (individual worth) the study of human emotions Renaissance Ideals Humanism: - Individualism - Secularism -Materialism virtu: Civic Humanism – applying humanist values to the improvement of public virtue Expectation of a better life in this world for future generations Humans have power to improve and achieve progress After 1450: Humanism revived revival of Greco-Roman classics power of the humanmind liberal arts education beauty and materialism The Renaissance Begins • Italian City States such as Venice were growing wealthy from trade with the Byzantine Empire. The Italian Renaissance Flow Map for identifying causes for the Renaissance beginning in Italy trade brought the Italians into contact with the Byzantine civilization, which had preserved Greek and Roman learning The Ruins of ancient Roman were a reminder of earlier Glory Italian Cities such as Venice, Florence, Rome, Genoa, Milan, and Naples had grown rich through trade Renaissance begins in Italy Wealthy such as the Medici in Florence became patrons of the Arts Venice • With access to sea, Venice built economy, reputation on trade • Had long history of trading with other ports on Mediterranean Sea • Shipbuilding prospered, sailors traveled to Near East • Wealthy Venetian merchants built unique city, “work of art” Milan, Florence • Milan, west of Venice, based economy on agriculture, silk, weapons • Florence, to south, famous for banking, cloth • Monarchs appealed to Florentine bankers for money to fund wars • Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth • Bankers, merchants created city to rival any in Europe Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Leonardo Da Vinci Vitruvian Man Self Portrait Leonardo • A man of many talents – Architect – Painter – Inventor – Sculptor – Engineer – Scientist • His studies in anatomy helped him draw realistic human figures • His use of math (Geometry) helped to organize the space in his paintings The Humanist studies his subjects Study of Mankind Study of a Horse Early Works Madonna of the Rocks Leonardo used Geometry in his Works The Last Supper Mona Lisa Michelangelo • A brilliant Painter and sculptor The David Sistine Chapel Self portrait in the Last Judgment Pieta Scholar and Teacher who wrote poetry {Sonnets} His main influence came out of his belief that the classical Greeks and Romans were committed to virtue in public and private life He felt it was important to live a full and active life becoming an educated person Machiavelli Diplomat and historian • He wrote the essay title “The Prince” – He sought to describe the workings of government realisticly – He argued that the king {ruler) should only be interested with success – It is better to be feared than loved – The end results justify the actions of the kings Machiavelli Quotes • Hatred is gained as much by good works as by evil. • He who wishes to be obeyed must know how to command. • Men are so simple and yield so readily to the desires of the moment that he who will trick will always find another who will suffer to be tricked. • Of mankind we may say in general they are fickle, hypocritical, and greedy of gain. • War should be the only study of a prince. He should consider peace only as a breathing-time, which gives him leisure to contrive, and furnishes as ability to execute, military plans. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 The Renaissance Spreads North Trade, the movement of artists and scholars, and the development of printing helped spread Renaissance ideas north from Italy. Trading Goods Trading Ideas • As cities grew, vast trading network spread across northern Europe • Northern Europeans traded ideas, goods; spread Italian Renaissance north • Network dominated by Hanseatic League, merchant organization, 1200s to 1400s • Fleeing violence, Italian artists brought humanist ideas, painting techniques north – Protected members from pirates, other hazards • Northern scholars traveled to Italy, brought ideas home – Built lighthouses, trained ship captains • Universities started in France, Netherlands, Germany Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 A Book Revolution Printing Press • Mid-1400s, Johannes Gutenberg cast letters of alphabet on metal plates, locked metal plates on wooden press; perfected movable type printing • Result, one of most dramatic upheavals world has ever known Printed Word Available to More • Before only way to reproduce writing was by hand; long, painstaking process • With movable type, text quickly printed; producing books faster, cheaper • Easier access to books prompted more people to learn to read Italics • Gutenberg’s first publication, 1,282-page Bible • Printers soon appeared in other cities, made books quickly, inexpensively • Explosion of printed material quickly spread Renaissance ideas By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Renaissance Art in Northern Europe • Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art. • But, Italian influence was strong. – Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy. • The differences between the two cultures: – Italy change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity. – No. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church. • More princes & kings were patrons of artists. Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art • The continuation of late medieval attention to details. • Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]. • Interest in landscapes. • More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. • Details of domestic interiors. Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441) • More courtly and aristocratic work. – Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. • The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435. Van Eyck -Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Altarpiece, 1432 Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife (Wedding Portrait) Jan Van Eyck 1434 Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife (details) Massys’ The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514 Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) • The greatest of German artists. • A scholar as well as an artist. • His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I. • Also a scientist – Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions. • Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits. • Self-Portrait at 26, 1498. Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500 Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 1515-1517 The Triumphal Arch, details Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543) • One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England. • While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. – Erasmus Writing, 1523 • Henry VIII was his patron from 1536. • Great portraitist noted for: – Objectivity & detachment. – Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses of his subjects. Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533 A Skull Artist to the Tudors Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543. Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569) • • • • • One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age. Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels. In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists. Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies. A master of landscapes; not a portraitist. – – – – People in his works often have round, blank, heavy faces. They are expressionless, mindless, and sometimes malicious. They are types, rather than individuals. Their purpose is to convey a message. Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559 Bruegel’s, Winter Scene, 1565 The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450 A.D. Made it possible to mass produce books for the first time By 1475 the printing press was available in England, Germany, France, and Italy The books produced on the printing press spread the ideas of Humanism to a large audience in Europe The vast printing capacities meant that individual authors could now become true bestsellers: Of Erasmus's work, at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone (1469–1536).[41] In the early days of the Reformation, the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and papacy alike by surprise. In the period from 1518 to 1524, the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold; between 1518 and 1520, Luther's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies.[42] A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. Erasmus • • Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, and a theologian. Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style and enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists." He has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists."[2] Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. These raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works.