Download ART160 Ch 17 Renaissance Baroque Rococo

Renaissance 1400-1600
•
•
•
•
•
Reconciles Christian faith and reason
Promotes “rebirth” of classical idea
Humanism
Organized (symmetrical/ geometric)
Allows new freedom of thought in art
(also science, literature, music etc.)
Where was the Renaissance?
Started in Italy and spread through
the rest of Europe
Italy was ruled by a series of citystates including Venice, Milan,
Florence, Genoa, Pisa, Siena, Lucca,
Cremona and others.
These were cities that grew powerful
enough to win and maintain their
independence.
The most important of these city-states was Florence
Three developments
came about because
of and helped fuel
the Renaissance…
• The Printing Press
•
Prior to the printing press,
how were books made?
•
A printing press is a mechanical
device for applying pressure to an
inked surface resting upon a media
(such as paper or cloth), thereby
transferring an image. The systems
involved were first assembled in
Germany by the goldsmith Johann
Gutenberg in ca. 1439
•
•
•
•
•
Information Revolution
Many more books for less cost
First book published?
How might this help fuel discontent
with the church?
Sharing of knowledge/ information
Oil Paints…
•
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint
consisting of small pigment particles
suspended in a drying oil. Oil paints have
been used in England as early as the 13th
century for simple decoration, but were not
widely adopted for artistic purposes until the
15th century.
•
•
•
Because oil paint dries slowly, allows
work to progress at artist’s pace
Layering thinned paint in technique
called “glazing” allowed for subtle value
changes and greater realism
Eventually replaced fresco as the
preferred method of painting.
Fresco: Painting with tempera paint in wet plaster. When
dry, the pigment becomes a permanent part of the plaster.
Linear Perspective
• Mathematical method of
representing three-dimensional
objects on a two-dimensional
surface
• Created the illusion of depth (3-D)
• Much greater realism
The Holy Trinity
Masaccio
What is the importance of this
artwork?
First use of linear perspective
in art.
School of Athens; Raphael
Pisan Cross; 1180
•
Christ on the Cross between Mary and St John
Albrecht-Altdorfer; c. 1512
Advancements in art leading up to and
during the Renaissance allowed for much
more realistic portrayals of subjects.
•
•
•
Artists were Renaissance
“rock stars”
Highly sought after as a
symbol of wealth and power
Hired by the most wealthy
patrons of the arts, including
the Pope!
Who are the four best know artists of the Renaissance?
Artists of the Renaissance
•Italian Renaissance
Leonardo, Raphael,
Donatello,
Michelangelo.
•Also Botticelli, Ghiberti,
Bondone, Brunelleschi
•Northern Renaissance
Artists: Jan van Eyck,
Hans Holbein, Albrecht
Durer
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci
aka Leonardo da Vinci
April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519
Italian Renaissance painter,
sculptor, architect, musician,
scientist, mathematician, engineer,
inventor, anatomist, geologist,
cartographer, botanist, and writer.
His genius, perhaps more than that
of any other figure, epitomized the
Renaissance humanist ideal.
Leonardo has often been described
as the archetype of the
Renaissance Man
Mona Lisa
portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the
wife of Francesco del Giocondo
oil on a poplar panel
believed to have been painted
between 1503 and 1506
Shows Leonardo’s use of
sfumato, a soft blurring of the
edges
The Last Supper
Measures 450 × 870 cm (15 feet × 29 ft)
Covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria
delle Grazie in Milan, Italy.
Badly deteriorated because of original techniques used by Leonardo
and restoration attempts in following centuries.
Although considered a fresco, Leonardo did not use traditional fresco
techniques, instead trying to invent a new technique in fresco.
•
•
•
Leonardo is also known for his notebooks,
also known as a codex, which contain
drawings and writings of over 13,000 pages.
Leonardo generally wrote backwards in
cursive script.
It has been suggested that he did for secrecy
but some historians suggest it was easier to
write like this because he was left handed.
Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico
Buonarroti Simoni
March 1475 – 18 February 1564
Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter,
architect, poet, and engineer.
A contemporary and at times bitter
rival of Leonardo da Vinci
Inspired
by
sculpture
of the
ancient
Greeks
David
Michelangelo
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
The Creation of Man, Sistine Ceiling, Michelangelo
Pietà
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
Raphael
•
•
he was born on Good Friday, April
6, 1483
he died on his 37th birthday,
Sunday, April 6, 1520
Italian painter and architect of
the High Renaissance.
Became official court painter
of Pope Julius II.
Sistine Madonna
Pope Leo X and His Cardinals
Donatello
Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi
circa 1386 – December 13, 1466
Early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from
Florence.
Created the first free standing nude sculpture
since classical Greek and Rome.
David
St John
Some other artists…
Lorenzo Ghiberti
1378 – 1 December 1455
born Lorenzo di Bartolo
Italian artist of the early Renaissance
best known for works in sculpture and
metalworking.
Rediscovered technique of bronze
lost wax casting. (forgotten due to
Dark Ages.)
Won the commission
to design the doors for
a baptistery in
Florence.
It took him 50 years to
complete the
commission!!
Later dubbed the
Gates of Paradise by
Michelangelo.
King Henry VIII
after Hans Holbein
Portrait of Henry VIII is a lost work by Hans
Holbein the Younger depicting Henry VIII.
It is one of the most iconic images of Henry
and is one of the most famed portraits of
any British monarch.
It was originally created as a mural at the
Palace of Whitehall, London, in 1536 or
1537; the original was destroyed when the
palace burned in 1698
The Birth of Venus, Botticelli
Like many
artworks in
Italy, this
was a
commission
of the Medici
family, the
most
prominent
supporter of
the arts.
The first
large scale
mythological
painting
since
antiquity.
The Marriage of
Giovanni
Arnolfini and
Giovanna
Cenami
by Jan van Eyck
The Mourning of Christ
Giotto di Bondone
It wasn’t just about the art…
•
The Divine Comedy
by Dante Alighieri is
an epic poem
chronicling his travels
through the afterlife:
Heaven, Purgatory
and Hell
The Courtier by Castiglione
•
•
•
A mournful portrait of the exemplary court of
Guidobaldo da Montefeltro of Urbino during
Castiglione's youthful stay there at the beginning of
the sixteenth century.
It depicts an elegant philosophical conversation,
presided over by Elisabetta Gonzaga, which takes
place over a span of four days in the year 1507.
It addresses the topic, proposed by Federigo
Fregoso, of what constitutes an ideal Renaissance
gentleman
Architecture
•
•
•
In constructing churches, Renaissance
architects no longer used the shape of a
cross as a basis for their structures.
Instead, they based them on the circle.
Believing that ancient mathematicians
equated circles with geometric perfection,
architects used the circle to represent the
perfection of God.
Chartres Cathedral
1193-1250
Saint Peter’s Basilica
1506-1626
Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (English: Basilica of Saint
Mary of the Flower) is the main church of Florence, Italy.
The Duomo, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in
the Gothic style to the design of Arnolfo di Cambio.
Completed structurally in 1436.
The dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi
Baroque 1580 – early/mid 1700’s
• Artists: Caravaggio, Rubens,
Rembrandt, Vermeer
• Many of the characteristics
developed as propaganda for
the counter reformation.
The Milkmaid, Vermeer, 1658
• Literally
translated:
distorted /
grotesque
• Rejects the
limits of
previous
styles
Entombment, Caravaggio, 1602-04
• Excess
ornamentation,
contrast,
tension and
energy
Artemisia Gentileschi
Judith and Holofernes
• More
concerned
with balance
and overall
harmony
Artemisia Gentileschi
Judith and Maidservant with
the Head of Holofernes
Oil on Canvas
1625
David with Head of Goliath
Caravaggio
Restores
power to
the
monarchy
and
church
• The Conversion of
Saint Paul
• Caravaggio
• Dramatic
portrayal of
the contrast
of light
against dark
called
tenebrism.
Rembrandt van Rijn
Artists from
Netherlands
were
supported
by the
wealthy
merchant
class.
The Nightwatch, Rembrandt 1642
Self Portraits
1659
1669
Rococo
 Favored
by French
aristocracy
The Pleasures of the Ball
Watteau
Frivolous
themes /
upper class
enjoying
life of ease
The Swing, Fragonnard, 1766
Documents
lavish
lifestyles paid
for by lower
class which
lead to the
French
Revolution
Watteau