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Transcript
• Introduction.
• Parts of Speech.
― Nouns.
― Verbs.
― Pronouns.
 Personal Pronouns.
 Demonstrative Pronouns.
― Prepositions.
 Prepositions of Place.
 Prepositions of Time
• Assignment.
Hello my dear students. In this session, I will teach those who are beginners in
English the basics of the language and the right way to form sentences. I hope you
enjoy and have fun learning.
‫ في هذه الدورة سأقوم بتعليم المبتدئين في اللغة‬،‫مرحبًا طالبي األعزاء‬
‫اإلنجليزية بعض مبادئ اللغة األساسية و الطريقة الصحيحة لتكوين‬
.‫ أتمنى أن تستمتعوا و تتعلموا‬.‫الجمل‬
• In English, words are classified based on eight parts of speech: the verb, the noun,
the pronoun, the adjective, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the
interjection.
‫ ظرف‬،‫ الصفة‬،‫ الضمير‬،‫ االسم‬،‫ الفعل‬:‫في اللغة اإلنجليزية يتم تصنيف الكلمات ضمن ثمانية أجزاء من الكالم‬
.‫ حروف التعجب‬،‫ حروف الربط‬،‫ حروف الجر‬،‫الحال‬
• Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used. In
fact, the same word can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the
next.
‫ في الواقع هناك بعض الكلمات التي قد‬.‫كل جزء من أجزاء الكالم ال يصف الكلمة و إنما يصف كيف تستخدم‬
.‫تكون أفعال في جملة و أسماء أو صفات في جملة أخرى‬
•
A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.
.‫أيضا األفكار المجردة‬
ً ‫ و‬،‫ أو شيء ما‬،‫ أو مكان‬،‫االسم هو كلمة تستخدم لتسمية شخص أو حيوان‬
Examples: Ahmed, tiger, London, table, etc.
•
A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, an object, an adjective or an
adverb.
.‫ أو ظرف حال‬،‫يستطيع االسم أن يعمل في الجملة كفاعل أو مفعول أو صفة‬
•
The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts
something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states
of being.
‫أمر على فاعل الجملة و يوضح األفعال و األحداث و‬
‫ الفعل يؤكد ًا‬،‫قد يكون الفعل هو أهم جزء من الجملة‬
.‫الحال‬
Examples: eat, sleep, like, go, (to) be, etc.
•
A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns to make
your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.
.‫ار‬
‫ و نستطيع استخدام الضمائر لجعل الجمل أقل ثقالً و تكرًا‬،‫يستخدم الضمير كبديل السم أو ضمير آخر‬
•
Pronouns are classified into several types, including personal pronouns and
demonstrative pronouns.
.‫تصنف الضمائر إلى عدة أنواع تتضمن الضمائر الشخصية و ضمائر اإلشارة‬
•
A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing. We use them depending
on person, number, gender, and case.
‫بناء على الشخص و العدد و الجنس‬
ً ‫ و نستخدمها‬،‫الضمير الشخصي يعود على شخص معين أو شيء معين‬
.‫و الحالة‬
•
A case determines how you use a pronoun in a phrase. There are three cases in
modern English: subjective case, objective case, and possessive case.
‫ حالة‬:‫ و هناك ثالث حاالت في اللغة اإلنجليزية الحديثة‬،‫الحالة تحدد كيفية استخدام الضمير في عبارة ما‬
.‫ و حالة الملكية‬،‫ و حالة المفعول به‬،‫الفاعل‬
Subjective Personal Pronouns: ( ‫ضمائر الفاعل‬
‫)الشخصية‬
•
A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject
in a sentence.
.‫ضمائر الفاعل تدل على أن الضمير يعمل عمل الفاعل في الجملة‬
•
Subjective personal pronouns classification according to:
 Number: singular or plural.
 Gender: male, female, or neuter.
 Person: first, second, or third person.
:‫بناءا على‬
ً ‫تصنيف ضمائر الفاعل الشخصية‬
.‫ مفرد أو جمع‬:‫ العدد‬
.‫ مذكر أو مؤنث أو غير عاقل‬:‫ الجنس‬
•
Subject Personal Pronouns: ‫ضمائر الفاعل الشخصية‬
Number (‫)العدد‬
Singular
‫مفرد‬
Pronoun (‫)الضمير‬
Person (‫)الشخص‬
Gender (‫)الجنس‬
I (‫)أنا‬
First (‫)األول‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
You (‫)أنت‬
Second (‫)الثاني‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
He (‫)هو‬
She (‫)هي‬
Male (‫)مذكر‬
Third (‫)الثالث‬
It (‫)للغير عاقل‬
Plural
‫جمع‬
Female (‫)مؤنث‬
Neuter (‫)غير عاقل‬
We (‫)نحن‬
First (‫)األول‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
You (‫)أنت‬
Second (‫)الثاني‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
They (‫)هم‬
Third (‫)الثالث‬
Male/female/neuter
(‫غير عاقل‬/‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
e.g. I can speak French.
He is a pilot.
It didn’t rain today.
We are studying for the upcoming exam.
You are good at cooking.
She likes skydiving.
They will graduate next year.
You are a good team.
Objective Personal Pronouns: ( ‫ضمائر املفعول به‬
‫)الشخصية‬
•
A objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the object in
a sentence.
.‫ضمائر المفعول به تدل على أن الضمير يعمل عمل المفعول به في الجملة‬
•
Object personal pronouns are classified according to:
 Number: singular or plural.
 Gender: male, female, or neuter.
 Person: first, second, or third person.
:‫بناءا على‬
ً ‫تصنيف ضمائر المفعول به الشخصية‬
.‫ مفرد أو جمع‬:‫ العدد‬
.‫ مذكر أو مؤنث أو غير عاقل‬:‫ الجنس‬
•
Object personal pronouns: ‫ضمائر المفعول به الشخصية‬
Number (‫)العدد‬
Singular
‫مفرد‬
Pronoun (‫)الضمير‬
Person (‫)الشخص‬
Gender (‫)الجنس‬
Me (‫)أنا‬
First (‫)األول‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
You (‫)أنت‬
Second (‫)الثاني‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
Him (‫)هو‬
Her (‫)هي‬
Male (‫)مذكر‬
Third (‫)الثالث‬
It (‫)للغير عاقل‬
Plural
‫جمع‬
Female (‫)مؤنث‬
Neuter (‫)غير عاقل‬
Us (‫)نحن‬
First (‫)األول‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
You (‫)أنت‬
Second (‫)الثاني‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
Them (‫)هم‬
Third (‫)الثالث‬
Male/female/neuter
(‫غير عاقل‬/‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
e.g. Sara helped me.
The teacher punished him.
The engineer repaired it.
The neighbors visit us every week.
My sister will visit you.
I respect her.
I played with them.
Possessive Pronouns: (‫)ضمائر امللكية‬
•
A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of
possession and defines who owns a particular object or person.
.‫محددا‬
‫شيئا‬
ً ‫ضمائر الملكية تدل على أن الضمير يعمل عمل عالمة تدل على الملكية و تحدد من يمتلك‬
ً
•
Possessive pronouns classification according to:
 Number: singular or plural.
 Gender: male, female, or neuter.
 Person: first, second, or third person.
:‫بناءا على‬
ً ‫تصنيف ضمائر الملكية‬
.‫ مفرد أو جمع‬:‫ العدد‬
.‫ مذكر أو مؤنث أو غير عاقل‬:‫ الجنس‬
.)‫ الثاني ( ُمخاطب) الثالث (غائب‬،)‫ األول (متكلم‬:‫ الشخص‬
•
Object personal pronouns: ‫ضمائر المفعول به الشخصية‬
Number (‫)العدد‬
Singular
‫مفرد‬
Pronoun (‫)الضمير‬
Person (‫)الشخص‬
Gender (‫)الجنس‬
Mine (‫)لي‬
First (‫)األول‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
Your (‫)لك‬
Second (‫)الثاني‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
His (‫)له‬
Hers (‫)لها‬
Male (‫)مذكر‬
Third (‫)الثالث‬
Its (‫)للغير عاقل‬
Plural
‫جمع‬
Female (‫)مؤنث‬
Neuter (‫)غير عاقل‬
Ours (‫)لنا‬
First (‫)األول‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
Yours (‫)لكم‬
Second (‫)الثاني‬
Male/female (‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
Theirs (‫)لهم‬
Third (‫)الثالث‬
Male/female/neuter
(‫غير عاقل‬/‫مؤنث‬/‫)مذكر‬
e.g. This book is mine.
The essays were good but yours was the best.
John found his clothes but Mary couldn't find hers.
I looked at the books but could not find ours.
•
A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun.
.‫ضمائر اإلشارة تستخدم لإلشارة و تعين اسم أو ضمير‬
•
The demonstrative pronouns are:
 This: is used to point at things that are nearby in space or time and used
to refer to singular nouns.
 These: is used to point at things that are nearby in space or time and
used to refer to plural nouns.
 That: is used to point at things that are far away in space or time and
used to refer to singular nouns.
 Those: is used to point at things that are nearby in space or time and
used to refer to singular nouns.
‫ضمائر اإلشارة هي‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ :This‬يستخدم لإلشارة ألشياء قريبة في المكان أو الزمن و يشير لألسماء المفردة‪.‬‬
‫‪ :That‬يستخدم لإلشارة ألشياء بعيدة في المكان أو الزمن و يشير لالسماء المفردة‪.‬‬
‫‪ :These‬يستخدم لإلشارة ألشياء قريبة في المكان أو الزمن و يشير ألسماء الجمع‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Those‬يستخدم لإلشارة ألشياء بعيدة في المكان أو الزمن و يشير ألسماء الجمع‪.‬‬
‫‪E.g.‬‬
•
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence.
.‫حرف الجر يربط أسماء و ضمائر و عبارات مع كلمات أخرى في الجملة‬
•
The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the
preposition.
.)object of the preposition( ‫الكلمة أو العبارة التي تلي حرف الجر تسمى المجرور‬
• A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its
object to the rest of the sentence.
.‫حرف الجر يوضح عادة العالقات المكانية أو المنطقية المؤقتة للمجرور و بقية الجملة‬
• There are two types of prepositions: prepositions of place and prepositions of
time.
.‫ حروف الجر المكانية و حروف الجر الزمانية‬:‫هنالك نوعان من حروف الجر‬
•
Prepositions of place show the spatial relationship between things.
.‫حروف الجر المكانية توضح العالقة المكانية بين األشياء‬
•
Some prepositions of place are: in, on, under, behind, in front of, above, below,
between, and next to.
.‫بعض حروف الجر المكانية‬
•
Look at the following picture to understand their meanings.
.‫انظر إلى الصورة التالية لفهم معانيها‬
Prepositions of place.
e.g. The ball is in the box.
The ball is between the boxes.
The ball is behind the box.
The ball is next to the box.
In/on/at:
•
In is used to show something that surrounds or encloses us.
.‫( لنبين أن شيئًا مغلق يحيط بنا‬in) ‫نستخدم‬
e.g. I sleep in my bedroom.
•
She lives in Germany.
On is used to show something that is on a surface.
.‫( لنبين أن شيئًا يقع على سطح‬on) ‫نستخدم‬
e.g. The book is on the desk.
•
The clock is on the wall.
At is used to show something that is at a particular point.
.‫( لنبين أن شيئًا عند منطقة أو مكان معينة‬at) ‫نستخدم‬
e.g. They are at the zoo.
Samantha is at the door.
•
At is also used for complete addresses.
.‫ضا عند كتابة عنوان كامل‬
ً ‫( أي‬at) ‫تستخدم‬
e.g. I live at 22 Orchard Road, London, England.
•
Remember: People live in a city/country, on a street, and work at a workplace.
e.g. I live in Jeddah.
She works at the hospital.
He lives on Al-jamah district.
•
Prepositions of place show the spatial relationship between things.
.‫حروف الجر المكانية توضح العالقة المكانية بين األشياء‬
•
Some prepositions of place are: in, on, under, behind, in front of, above, below,
between, and next to.
.‫بعض حروف الجر المكانية‬
•
Look at the following picture to understand their meanings.
.‫انظر إلى الصورة التالية لفهم معانيها‬