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Characters Involved Axis Powers Germany-ADOLF HITLER Japan-EMPEROR HIROHITO OF JAPAN Italy-MUSSOLINI The beginnings Mussolini /Italy Benito Mussolini returns from World War I believing his country, Italy, needed a strong leader and change in government 1919 he founded the Fascist Party. ○ Nation more important than individual ○ Individualism made countries weak ○ Strong govt led by dictator was needed ○ Anti- Communist Huge fear of Communism after Communism took over in Russia Fascism was to protect private property and middle class rights keeping communism out. 1922 Mussolini was declared II Duce “The Leader” and immediately did away with democracy setting up a dictatorship. Joseph Stalin- Russia USSR Communist led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks took control 1917. 1922 Renamed Russia the USSR( Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Lenin Dies in 1924 after a long power struggle Joseph Stalin rules communist USSR by 1926 ○ Stalin began massive industrialization and did not tolerate any sort of opposition Hitler/ Germany Anticommunist and an admirer of Mussolini. Hitler fought for Germany in WWI. He was angered by Germany’s surrender in WWI Hated the Allies from World War I Organized the NAZI Party ( National Socialist German Worker’s Party) but it did not represent workers. Hitler was arrested for organizing a march on the Berlin Capital and while in prison wrote the Mein Kampf “My struggle” the autobiography boosted his party Aryans- master race 1932 Nazi’s largest party in Germany 1933 German President appointed Hitler, chancellor, much like the Prime Minister in England Fascism-nation requires strong leadership, country more important than self, will commit violence to keep country strong Communism- socio-economic system that stands for a class less, state less and an egalitarian society Difference-Communism state ownership/fascism state control Fascism vs Nazism Very similar except Fascism did not believe in racial superiority. All citizen were equally inferior to the state Nazism believed is racism and the superiority of the Aryan race. Jews were inferior and the state existed to advance the “master race” Japan also was going through difficult economic times post WWI. Many blamed the government. Political unrest began America hoped to stay neutral and maintain its Isolationist ideology. Neutrality Act 1935 –made it illegal for the US to sell arms to Germany or Italy. Germany and Mussolini signed the Rome-Berlin Axis making them allies. Japan joined soon after thus they became the Axis powers Hitler- Germany Hirohito- Japan Mussolini- Italy Neutrality Act 1937. US says it will still remain neutral Japan attacks China. US helps China but FDR says it does not violate the Neutrality Act because war was not actually declared The Allies Great Britain-WINSTON CHURCHILL France-CHARLES DE GAULLE Soviet Union/ USSR/Russia- Joseph Stalin United States-FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT And HARRY TRUMAN England- Winston Churchill Soviet Union- Stalin China- Chiang Kai-shek Hitler’s Goals 1- Take over Austria and destroy Czechoslovakia 2- Take over France and Britain 3- Take over the Soviet Union( USSR) now called Russia 4- Take over the United States 1- the first offensive to control Austria and Czechoslovakia was a rather easy offensive. Czech’s strongly resisted becoming “Germans” France supported the Czechs and so did the Soviet Union along with Great Britain. Ended up giving in and gave Hitler the area of Sudetenland at the Munich Conference in 1938. Hitler then violated the Munich Conference by seizing all of Czechoslovakia and then begins an attack on Poland. Britain and France would come to the aid of Poland. Hitler and Stalin (Soviet Union) agreed to a Non-aggressive Pact. The Nazi- Soviet Pact shocked the world ( communism and nazism were suppose to be totally opposed to each other.( Secret deal to divide Poland between Germany and USSR) Sept 1, 1939 War begins- Germany invades Poland from the East and Soviets invade Poland from the West Sept 27 the Polish capital of Warsaw fell to the Germans. By Oct. 5, 1939 Poland had been defeated. Allies- Britain and France were facing a tough challenge. Not only had Poland fell to the Germans, Hitler wanted France next Britain and France had been surrounded by the Nazis. Miracle of Dunkirk- Dunkirk , small town north of France . 338,000 of 450,000 troops escaped. The French would surrender on June 22, 1940 in the same rail car that the German’s had surrendered in after WWI Britain would not surrender Britain had one advantage –Radar. The British Air Fleet saved Britain from invasion. Nazi hatred for Jews Wannsee Conference 1942- Nazi officials met to determine what to do about the “Jew problem” decision was the concentrations camps Auschwitz 100,000 in 300 prison barracks. Holocaust- December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor the US harbor in Japan. This goes back two years prior and FDR’s policy for helping Britain against Germany ( in 1939 FDR and America wanted to help the British so to get around the Neutrality act of 1937 they passed the Neutrality act of 1939 saying they could sell weapons only if the country paid cash and carried them in their own ships. FDR Reelected again in 1940 ( 3rd term) Lend Lease Agreement- US would lend or lease weapons to any country “considered vital to the defense of the United States.” $40 billion in weapons went to aid the British. Hitler retreated on his invasion of Britain but would violate the Nazi-Soviet Pact and would invade the Soviet Union( remember they worked together to invade Poland) So.. Even though Britain and the US hated Communism they hated Hitler more. Alliances shifted German U-boat fired on an American ship Greer. Roosevelt’s shoot- on -sight policy was enacted. U.S. officially enters the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor. 21 US ships sunk or damaged, 188 airplanes destroyed and 2,403 Americans killed, 1,178 wounded. Dec 8, 1941 America declares war on Japan December 11, 1941 Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. America’s War Economy Doolittle Raids- April 18, 1942 US bombs fall on Japan for the 1st time Battle of Coral Sea-March 1942. US had broken Japan’s secret code and intercepted a message about an attack on New Guinea. Admiral Nimitz( US) sent two US carriers the Yorktown and the Lexington to intercept the Japanese fleet. Lexington sank and the Yorktown major hits but the Japanese retreated and were stopped from shutting off supply American Supply lines The Battle of Midway- Turning Point of WWII for Japan. Put Japan on the defensive Japanese General Yamamoto ordered an attack on the Midway Islands. Yamamoto used the same code US had already cracked. Gen. Nimitz ordered an ambush on the Japanese by air and sea. June 4, 194238 Japanese planes were shot down. 3 Japanese carries were sunk with a 4th sunk a few hours later. Japan retreated After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor a fury developed on the west coast. Feb 19, 1942 Pres Roosevelt signed an order allowing the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. Held them until their eventual release in early 1945 American forces began to push back the Germans. Gen Dwight D. Eisenhower( would become President) commanded the US troops in Africa to secure the Suez Canal and George S Patton captured Casablanca and many other Moroccan cities. While American and British forces were fighting the Germans in North Africa the navy was fighting submarine warfare. By 1942 the German’s had sunk 360 American ships. Many of them oil and gas tankards. Oil had to be rationed and the first ever oil and gas pipeline was built by the US govt as a result. 1250 miles long from Texas to Pennsylvania. Battle of Stalingrad- Turning point of the war for Germany. Put them on the Defensive. If Germany secured Stalingrad then the Soviet Union would be cut off of all supply lines. Retreat was not an option for either the German’s or the Soviets. The German’s suffered heavy losses and when the battle ended 91,000 Germans had surrendered ( only 5000 would survive Soviet concentration camps) The Allies( America, Britain and the Soviet Union) began bombing Germany heavily. German railroads were destroyed, there were oil shortages and the German Air force could not combat the massive air raids. US General Eisenhower was over the total offensive. U.S.Gen. Patton was over the tank commands along with British General Bernard Montgomery By this time Italy was in a shambles and its people were tired of Mussolini. July 25, 1943 Mussolini was overthrown and the new President of Italy , Victor Emmanuel began negotiating a surrender to the Allies. Hitler was enraged by the surrender and sent German troops in and put Mussolini back in power. It took the Allies 5 months to break through the German lines in Italy but the Germans were finally forced to retreat in April of 1945. Very bloody conflict with the Allies losing 300,000 troops Roosevelt meets Stalin in Tehran before invading France( Controlled by Germans now) Stalin promises full scale war against Germans. Both agree to break up Germany so it will never again be a threat to world peace Soviet Union would help the US defeat Japan once Germany is defeated Both agree to an international peace organization Normandy- France 1944 1.5 million American Soldiers, 12,000 airplanes, and 5 million tons of equipment had been sent to England. Invasion had to be at night and at low tide. Window of opportunity June 5-7 1944 D-Day. Eisenhower’s staff referred to any date of an attack by the letter D. That is how it became known as D day 7000 ships carrying 100,000 soldiers set sail for the coast of Normandy on June 6, 1944. 23,000 paratroopers were dropped on the island east and west of the beaches. The Americas landing on Utah Beach went well Omaha Beach was quite different. Germans Immediately fired on troops 2500 died while attempting to storm the beach By the end of the day over 35,000 American troops had landed on Omaha beach and 25,000 had landed on Utah beach. Over 75,000 British and Canadian troops were on the shore as well. General Douglas MacArthur begins campaign in the Southern Pacific while Admiral Nimitz attacks the Central Pacific The battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle in history and was the 1st time the Japanese use Kamikaze attacks MacArthur’s attempt to recapture the Philippines was a success but at the cost of 100,000 civilian Filipino dead. 80,000 Japanese died. 1945 Japan surrendered Battle of the Bulge Nazi German tried one last stand. US forces had broken through German lines in June of 1944. Hitler attempted to cut off supply lines of the Allies in Antwerp, Belgium. Just before dawn Dec. 16,1944 German troops caught Americans by surprise. As the German troops pushed west their lines bulged outward-hence the name. Germans intended to capture the town of Bastogne which was being held by the Allies. Gen. Eisenhower instructed Gen Patton to attack the Germans. Patton’s troops slammed German lines and two days later they were in the Bastogne and forced a German retreat.. On January 8, Germans began to withdraw Soviets attack German troops in Russia. By the time the Battle of the Bulge ended Soviets had driven Germans forces out of Russia and back across Poland. Soviets attacked Germany from the East and American forces attacked from the West. By April 16 Allied forces had reached the interior of Germany V- E Day Victory in Europe April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide in a German Bunker. Japan is defeated President Roosevelt would not live to see the defeat of Germany. April 12, 1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt suffered a stroke and died. VicePresident Harry S. Truman would become President. Truman faced tough decisions. On Nov. 24 1944 bombs fell on Tokyo- the first time since the Doolittle raids. Iwo Jima was chosen for attack because of geography. The US bombers had enough fuel to fly there, drop the bombs and return. Feb 19, 1945 60,000 US marines landed on Iwo Jima. Very gruesome and bloody 6,800 died before the island was captured. Firebombing/ napalm Killing over 80,000 Okinawa- April 1, 1945 American troops landed. Cave fighting, gruesome warfare. 12,000 Americans died. Manhattan Project-1939 Leo Sziland, physicists learned that German scientist had split the Uranium atom. Sziland and the famous Albert Einstein sent a letter to Pres. Roosevelt detailing the information. Roosevelt agreed to begin testing the new Atomic Bomb. First Nuclear Reactor built in 1942 at the University of Chicago. July 16,1945 the worlds first atomic bomb was detonated near Almogordo, New Mexico Pres. Truman ordered Japan’s surrender. Japan did not reply. August 6, 1945 an B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the atomic bomb nicknamed the little boy on Hiroshima at 8:15 a.m. 43 seconds later heat, radiation, and an enormous shockwave slammed Hiroshima.76,000 buildings destroyed 80,000-120,000 people died instantly. Thousands more died later from burns and radiation. 3 days later the Soviet Union declares war on Japan and the US drops the second atomic bomb Fat Man on Nagasaki killing between 35,000- 75,000 people August 15, 1945 Japanese Emperor surrender called V-J day. United Nations would be formed