Download PEP 3250 Anatomical Kinesiology

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This helps me to see what you are interested in and how I can gear the class towards
all of your interests!
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Just to review….in this class we are taking anatomy and referring to movements of
the body now.
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Kinesiology, or the study of human movement, has many subdisciplines within it that
many of you are pursuing currently—making it that much more important to
understand this class to continue to succeed in your future careers.
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Review from Anatomy….
Organism= a living thing
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In this class we will be focusing on connective and muscle tissue mainly, with a little
nervous tissue.
Connective tissue=makes up bone, cartilage, & soft tissue (fascia, tendons, ligaments)
Muscle tissue=skeletal, cardiac, & smooth
Nerve tissue=neurons conduct impulses to brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, cranial
nerves, & neuroglia
Epithelial=different varieties (respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive
systems)
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The nervous system stimulates muscle tissue.
The blood supply provides muscle tissue with energy and removes by-products as
well.
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The anatomical position is universally accepted—everything starts from this position.
Body is standing upright, arms at the side, palms of hands face forward, and feet are
close together. All joints are in a neutral position or 0 degrees. From this point on
when we talk about movements we are starting from this reference point of
anatomical position!
*Fundamental position is different from anatomical position! The difference is in the
hands—palms face the leg (body), instead of palms facing forward.
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Anterior—front of the body; Posterior—back of the body
Superior—towards the head; Inferior—towards the bottom or tail
Medial—closer to the middle, or more inside; Lateral—farther from the middle, or
more outside
Proximal—closer to a point of reference or to the trunk; Distal—farther from pt. of
reference or to the trunk. *use these terms in reference to the extremities*
Dorsal—top side (back of your hand); Palmar & Plantar also known as volar—bottom
aspect of structure (palm side, bottom of foot=plantar side)
You will be using these terms to describe where objects are in the body. For example,
the elbow joint is distal to the shoulder joint.
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Plane=flat surface Axis=a straight line around which an object rotates
*In the human body we picture joints as axes and bones as the objects that rotate
about them in a plane perpendicular to the axis
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In the book they are also referred to Anteroposterior plane with frontal horizontal
axis, Frontal plane with sagittal horizontal axis, and Horizontal plane with vertical axis.
However, I want you to use the terms I am using in the slides.
Cardinal planes exist for each plane and they divide the body into exactly 2 equal
(halves) of the body.
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The sagittal plane splits the body in to left and right halves with the mediolateral axis
intersecting perpendicular to it.
Ex: the knee joint is a Mediolateral axis and the lower leg is the object that moves in
the sagittal plane when you bend your knee.
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The frontal plane splits the body in to front and back halves with the anteroposterior
axis intersecting it.
*raising your arm to the side, your shoulder joint is the anteroposterior axis and your
arm is the object moving in the frontal plane
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The transverse plane splits the body into top and bottom halves with the longitudinal
axis intersecting perpendicular to it.
*when you shake your head ‘no,’ your head rotates in the transverse plane about the
longitudinal axis created by the spinal column.
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The point of intersection of all 3 cardinal planes is the body’s center of gravity.
(Approximately in the low back area of the spinal column—this changes when you
change from the anatomical position).
Start thinking about what kinds of movements are in which plane of motion. For
example, which plane of motion does rotation occur?
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Flexion = joint angle is getting smaller. Examples: raising your arm is shoulder flexion;
bending your elbow is elbow flexion
Extension = joint angle is getting larger; going back to anatomical position. Example:
bringing your arm back down is shoulder extension
Hyperextension = extending past the point of anatomical position. Example: bringing
your leg past anatomical position to prepare to kick a ball
Dorsiflexion = term used for the ankle: where the top of the foot comes up towards
the shin. Example: putting foot on wall to stretch calf muscles
Plantarflexion = term used for the ankle: where the bottom of the foot goes down.
Example: doing calf raises by going up on your toes
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Abduction = moving away from midline of the body (abducting someone means to
take away)
Adduction = bringing it closer to midline of body (adding to the body)
Lateral flexion = bending the neck to the side (right or left)
Radial deviation = term used for the wrist: wrist goes towards the radius (up)
**Remember Anatomical Position!!**
Ulnar deviation = term used for the wrist: wrist goes towards the ulna (down)
Eversion = term used for the ankle: the sole of the foot goes outward Inversion =
term used for the ankle: the sole of the foot goes inward
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The transverse plane deals mostly with rotation—rotating from side to side or
internally/externally rotating your arm or leg.
Pronation = rotates the palm so it’s facing down
Supination = rotates the palm so it’s facing up (a way to remember is when you hold
a cup of soup your palms are facing up) *this is anatomical position*
Horizontal abduction = the arm is out in front of you parallel to the ground while it
moves away from the body
Horizontal adduction = the arm is out in front of you parallel to the ground while it
moves closer to the body
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Joints capable of creating movement in 2 (biaxial) or 3 (triaxial) planes can also do
circumduction. It combines 2 or more fundamental movements in a sequential order.
Ex. Windmill motion with your shoulder joint.
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