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James Madison Confident conservative or overwhelmed by the moment? You decide! Madison • Who was Madison? Father of the Constitution,” writer of the Federalist Papers, and Dolly Madison’s husband • Conservative • Democratic-Republican • Faced many problems: • Following Jefferson • Native Americans • pressured for war • ship seizing and impressment • sectionalism Problems with Natives: Different culture meant different beliefs about land Many had died because of disease and murder Slowly being pushed back to the west by the Americans. Natives had supported the British during the Revolution. Washington had tried to keep peace Tecumseh formed a but the Louisiana Purchase confedration of threatened their lands again. natives to save lands How did the problems grow into an international problem? • Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet formed a confederation of Native peoples. • Village at Tippecanoe in the Indian Territory (Indiana). • The British began to supply the confederation with supplies and encouraged the natives to attack the American settlements in the west. • The Confederation threatened American power. • The Americans led by Governor William Henry Harrison attacked the natives at Tippecanoe. The natives were defeated and the Prophet was killed. Tecumseh was not there. • The British continued to support and encourage the natives Pressure for War from the War Hawks Young Democratic Republicans who wanted war against Britain because: oAnti-British, oImpressment and ship seizing oBritish helped the Natives, wanted oTake over Canada and Florida o NATIONALISM! oLed by Henry Clay Trade and the war between Britain and France • Americans wanted to trade with all nations • Ship seizing and British impressment continued War of 1812 Madison offered to trade with the first nation that respected American neutrality. France quickly agreed. America and France became allies and the British started to blockade US ports. Fighting broke out at sea and Madison asked Congress to declare war. War of 1812 • What happened during the War of 1812? Oliver Perry defeated the British at Lake Erie even though he had to jump of a sinking ship and board another to do it. • Neither side was prepared for war. • Jefferson had downsized the military. • Britain was at war with France. • For the most part the war was a draw. • The Americans won battles at sea and on the Great Lakes. • Embarrassing: US failed in their invasion of Canada. • Canadians with no training dressed as redcoats and scared the Americans into retreating Important Battles of the War of 1812 American Victories –Battle of Lake Erie –Battle of Thames (over Natives and Tecumseh was killed) –Battle at Fort McHenry (stopped the British invasion) –The Battle of New Orleans The huge American victory at New Orleans (the last battle) made it look like the Americans won the war! Jackson will use this victory to become President. British Victories –The Invasion of Canada was stopped –Bladensburg –Burned Washington DC The burning of Washington DC was an extreme low point for the United States. Many believed America would be under British control War of 1812 • What happened during the War of 1812? • Once the British defeated France, they invaded the United States and were able to burn Washington DC including the White House. • The invasion was stopped at Ft. McHenry in Baltimore (Star Spangled Banner written). • Last Battle: New Orleans, won by the Americans created the impression that the US won. • In the end the Treaty of Ghent set things back to the way that they were before the war. Hartford Convention • How did people in New England react to the war? • What was the result of their meeting? • The war was very unpopular in New England. • Many were Federalists (pro-British). • Convention was to protest the War. • Goal: form a new nation loyal to the British • The war ended and the Federalists seemed like traitors. • This destroyed their party! Results and Importance • Treaty of Ghent ended the War – returned things to the same as they were before the war. • National Anthem written at Fort McHenry • Heroes: Andrew Jackson (New Orleans the people’s hero) and William Henry Harrison (defeated Natives) would become presidents. • Abolitionist Movement: African Americans helped and got respect in the North. Led more people to be against slavery Results and Importance • Federalist Party died: Hartford Convention New England • Battle of New Orleans made them look like traitors. Nobody could be a Federalist anymore! • New Political Era: Sectionalism grew no more party fighting (for now). • Power vacuum. “Founding Father” old and gone. A new type of leader will rise (Andrew Jackson) • Native American Removal: The Natives would be moved off of their land because they lost.