Download PPT 609 - Rise of Hitler

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Unit #6 – Early
Century
(The World Wars)
Lesson #609
Rise of Hitler
Collapse of the German Economy
• What effect the USA have on the collapse of ther
German economy?
• American Great Depression hit Germany HARD
• Loans dried up
• Americans stopped buying German products
• Unemployment doubled (to 6million)
• By 1930 - Chancellor Heinrich Bruning desperate
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Convinced Pres. Hindenburg to enact Article 48 – Why?
Allowed him to rule by decree
Dissolved Parliament
Passed austere measures
Did it help?
Unfortunately – only intensified German depression
Collapse of the German Economy
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How did Hitler, the politician fit into this?
Hitler reemerged… with answers
He promised economic and political salvation
What did that mean?
Started working the electorate
By 1930 – Nazis had won 6million votes
By 1932 – Nazis won another 4million (38%)
– Largest political party in the Reichstag
• SA growing in size and popularity
– 100,000 members by 1930
– 1million by 1933
– Openly attacked Socialists & communists at their mass
rallies – were anti-government, pro-Radical
Chancellor and President
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Hitler was becoming a name in politics
Nation seemed to support his promises
And tolerated his Nazi’s thug tactics
Why? – explain…
He ran for President against the popular Hindenburg –
won 36% - why will this matter?
President’s chief political job is hiring Chancellor
(like a Bolshevik Supreme Communist Party Sec.)
Hitler demanded Hindenburg appoint him Chancellor
Explain why, and why he can…
Politicians thought they could control Hitler; pressured
Hindenburg to appoint him
1933 – Hindenburg reluctantly agreed
Hitler Appointed Chancellor
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So, that’s it.
Hitler came to power legally
But, the story does not end there
How did he get to:
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Come to eliminate all other parties?
Come to eliminate all elections?
Become even more popular?
Able to shift from popular politician, to feared
and supported dictator?
• Why were the Germans willing to freely and
legally surrender all power to one man?
Enabling Act
• Upon Hitler’s appointment as
Chancellor, he called for immediate
elections – totally legal
• During election, Reichstag building
caught fire
• Hitler requested Article 48 –
government was under attack!
• Investigation showed it was the
Communists and Socialists to started
fire – most were arrested
• Hitler suggested a new law,
extending Article 48 for four years –
called the ENABLING ACT
Night of the Long Knives
• Why would Hitler want to eliminate the SA?
• Only opposition now was the well trained
anti-government thugs: the SA
• Next step: Hitler’s version of the purge called…
NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES
• June, 1933 – night of elimination of last
opposition group
• Hitler’s bodyguard (SS), sworn to protect
Hitler to the death carried out murders
• In a single night, 1000 leaders were murdered
• SS and Gestapo had overlapping duties
Political leader to “The Fuhrer”
• Pres. Hindenburg died in 1934
• Hitler suggested combining the
offices for convenience until new
election. – why? For what reason?
• Consolidation of power was
complete
• Next step: elimination of all
opposition parties
• Then, elimination of all elected
government
• Transformation of German
government was complete
• Next step?
• Transformation of economy and
society
Nazification of German Society
• Public book burnings
– ideologies opposed to Nazism
• Hitler Youth (HJ)
– Goal: indoctrinate institutional racism
• Massive rallies
– Goal: create an aura of awe and unity
• Huge Public works projects
– Created full employment and stable economy
• Public recognition of Nazi style heroes
– Ex: Bronze Cross of the Mothers of the Fatherland
– Presented to women with four kids
– Hitler encouraged strong family values
Hitler’s Henchmen
• Dr. Joseph Goebbels
• Propaganda minister
• Heinrich Himmler
• Leader of SS and Gestapo
• Herman Goring
• Head of newly formed Luftwaffe
SA (storm troopers)
SA wear brown uniforms. They were
formed to promote Nazism with “thug”
tactics, and to fight the Socialists and the
established government. The SA was
often called a beater troop. In the 20's
other-thinking people (like socialists)
were brutally beat by the SA.
The SA leader was Ernst Roehm, had
own plans to build up the SA to replace
the militia, which could have been
dangerous for Hitler. On June 30, 1934,
the Night of the Long Knives, Roehm
and 1000 other leading SA men were
killed. The remaining SA dispersed, or
became absorbed into the massively
growing SS.
The SS
The SS (Schutzstaffel) was formed in 1925
from the"Stosstrupp Hitler," founded in
1923 as the bodyguard for Hitler. This group
wore black uniforms, and after 1933, they
eclipsed the SA and assumed the position of
body guard. They were highly disciplined
and did everything what Adolf Hitler
wanted. The SS was even more brutal than
the SA, but more systematic, and not just to
Socialists or established government. The
boss of the SS was Heinrich Himmler, later
responsible for the concentration camps.
At the end of the Second World War the SS
had shrunk in size to about 900,000
members.
The Gestapo
The state secret police.
Formed by Hermann Goring
in 1933, leadership was
transferred to Heinrich
Himmler in 1934, and
Goring formed and led the
Luftwaffe, the elite German
Air force. From its creation
in 1933 until its death in
May 1945, anyone living in
Nazi controlled territory
lived in fear of a visit from
the Gestapo.
Hitler prepares for war
• Factories encouraged to produce war machines –
first repudiation of Versailles
• 1933 – Germany dropped out of League of
Nations – stepped up repudiation
• Germans then dropped out of disarmament talks
– continued to build army
• Why did nobody do anything?
• Construction of Autobahn system
• By 1938 – German unemployment below 2%
• As American unemployment shot back up to all
time high
• Germans suffered a worker shortage
Hitler continues to prepare for war
• Germany created Luftwaffe
• Germany started building new
style of tanks and planes and
bombers
• Germany shifted troops around
• Then, Germany militarized the
Rhineland (1936)
• France built up the Maginot Line
• Why did no Germans try to stop
him?
• Why did USA and Britain ignore
developments?
• What was happening in Russia?
Jewish Persecution
• Dachau Concentration camp built in
1934 – became model – still there…
• Hitler promised to eliminate all
undesirables to protect society
• Does America have a history of this?
• Legalized elimination of rights for Jews
• Nuremburg Laws (1934)
• Jews denied full citizenship rights
• Kristallnacht (night of the Broken Glass)
(1938)
• Holocaust – the “final solution” to the
Jewish question – why?
• Dachau became model for camps all
over Germany, then Europe
“Master Race”
• Hitler created measurements for
desirables and undesirables – why do you
think he was so precise?
• And recorded all actions with enormous
attention to detail… why do you think he
did that?
• Combine the two questions… analyze
history…
• Women were encouraged to “breed”
• Loans and tax breaks to those who
married young; child allowances
• Jews, Slavs and Gypsies considered
inferior by Nazis – why them?
• Look at the total % of Germans
• Unhealthy, mentally challenged, physically
impaired all considered less than desirable
War Clouds - 1936
• Hitler had been in power 3 years
• Military now more powerful than any in the world
• Ready to fully denounce Versailles Treaty
1. Sent troops into Rhineland
2. Sent Luftwaffe to Spain to aid Fascists
3. Formed military alliance with Italy
4. Annexed Austria (ANSCHLUSS) (bullied Aust. Leaders)
• Spanish Civil War – practice for Luftwaffe and the new German
war machine - 1936
• Hitler and Mussolini formed an alliance (1936)
• Japan joined alliance in an anti-ComIntern Pact
• How was Spain good for Germany?
British policy of Appeasement
• It became obvious that Hitler had fully rebuilt
German economy, society, military
• By 1938, Germany had reclaimed leadership in
Europe
• No one was willing or able to stand in Hitler’s
way. Neville Chamberlain is best symbol
• After German annexation of Czechoslovakia,
British took a stand…
Case: Czechoslovakia
• A newly created nation from Austrian Empire
• A democratic, capitalistic nation
• Western Frontier ring was called Sudetenland
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Buffer around nation
Only protection
Heavily armed
Also, filled with Germans, loyal to Hitler (3.5mil)
Hitler claimed to want to protect Sudeten Germans
• Hitler first claimed right to annex Sudetenland
• Their protective frontier was erased
• Then, marched into Prague (Mar, 1939, 6mo later),
unopposed… and just took over Czechoslovakia
• Why were they not stopped?
Appeasement
• Give an argument for giving in to Hitler.
• Give an argument against it.
• British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain was proud to appease Hitler
• “peace with honor”
• “peace for our time”
• Flew to Berlin 3x – got Hitler’s signature
• In return, Britain had to allow for
annexation of Czechoslovakia
• Czechs were not even a part of discussion
• Why were people so damn happy about
this agreement?!
1.5m
Alliances
• 1936 – The Anschluss
• 1939 – Russian-German non-aggression pact
• 1939 – Rome-Berlin Axis
10 mistakes by Hitler (15m)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK419Nl
p8eU
Repudiation of Versailles
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwpbp_JYzk