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Section 3 An Age of Renewal and Growth (pp. 119158) Section 3, Part 1 Renaissance and Reform (pp. 120132) Introduction (p. 120) The Avignon Papacy, Great Western Schism, and Conciliarism weakened the papacy during the 14th century Opened the door to nationalism (and humanism through the Renaissance) in the 15th and 16th centuries Marks the end of the Late Middle Ages and beginning of the Modern Era in the 16th century Also opened the door to the Protestant Reformation that fractured the unity of Christianity in Western Civilization (Eastern unity had already been fractured by the Eastern Schism) Three Articles (A. 27) – The Renaissance (pp. 121-124) (A. 28) – Luther’s Complaint (pp. 124-127) (A. 29) – Religious Confessions in Europe (pp. 127-131) Article 27: The Renaissance (pp. 121-124) Middle Ages came to a close in the 14/15th century Gave way to the Renaissance and humanism Definitions, origins, rise, method, major players, +/- ‘s 10 Renaissance popes (Nicholas V in 1447 to Leo X in 1521) Advanced the arts but at a cost—greed, nepotism in the college of cardinals, sale of indulgences, etc… Alexander VI (1492-1503) Scholarship Art and Music—pray with all of our senses Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)—Christian humanist Johannes Guttenberg (c. 1440)—printing press Patrons: Medici’s, Renaissance pope Julius III, St. Phillip Neri, Artists: Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Botticelli, Bernini, Giotto, Raphael, Donatello, Fra Angelico; Palestrina Architecture St. Peter’s Basilica by Bramante, Michelangelo, & Julius II in Rome Santa Maria del Fiore in 1436 by Brunelleschi in Florence Article 28: Luther’s Complaint (pp. 124-127) In 1500, religious/political situation in Europe was volatile Indulgences Combination of Church scandals and nationalism Sale of indulgences was powder keg and Luther was the fuse Original & present day theology & practice vs. abuse in 15/16th c. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Germany, Augustinian priest, monk, & scholar (Patristic/Scripture) Central belief—justified by faith in God not pious works Lutheran World Federation and Church resolved issue in 1999 Sought to dialogue and reform, not break--95 Theses (10.31.1517) Central practice attacked was sale of indulgences Called to Rome, refused, formulated a more extreme position Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, and Sola Gratia Led to only Baptism & Eucharist for Sacraments Article 28 cont.: Luther’s Complaint (pp. 124-127) Leo X (1513-1521) did not get involved until Dec. 1520 Duke Frederick of Saxony “kidnapped” Priesthood of all the believers, rejected celibacy Wrote Augsburg Confession in 1530 with Phillip Melanchthon Charles V afraid of German nobles so does not arrest Luther By 1525 Luther was so strong he came out of hiding and married Luther translated bible into German & wrote catechisms—p. press Luther won over Germany due to nationalism and weak papacy Too focused on the Renaissance; “squabble among monks” Luther excommunicated in Jan 1521 after 60 days Basis of Lutheranism and beginning of Protestantism (really 1555) National Church with vary organization in different places Conclusion Luther was right, Luther was wrong, the Church was right, the Church was wrong: content and method Homework Read pp. 127-131 (A. 29) in the e-Book for discussion in class tomorrow p. 132; 3-5 (3.1 H.W.) Article 29: Religious Confessions in Europe (pp. 127-131) Post Luther Europe—new religious and political landscape as confessions formed Germany Lutheranism expanded and dominant Anabaptists split off in Munster—apocalyptical; against infant baptism Thirty Years War (1618-1648) & Peace of Westphalia (1648)—“cuius regio, eius religio” Switzerland John Calvin (1509-1564) began in France; fled under persecution Calvinism—Sola Scriptura but denied Eucharist; simple worship & church In Switzerland (1536) wrote Institutes of Christian Religion Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) working in Zurich; Calvin in Geneva Theocracy was necessary because of predestination Strict laws and complete intolerance punishable by death Article 29 cont.: Religious Confessions in Europe (pp. 127-131) Great Britain Henry VIII (1509-1547), Catherine of Aragon, & Anne Boleyn Leo X (1513-1521), Clement VII (1523-1534), & Thomas More (side bar) Political rather than theological break—Anglicans close today Act of Supremacy (1534) and Act of the Six Articles (1539) Church lost land, property, bishops, priests, religious, and laity Edward VI (1547-1553) from Jane Seymour, Queen Mary (1553-1558) from Catherine and Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) from Anne Boleyn Mary-restore Catholicism but Elizabeth purify Anglicanism from both Catholicism and Calvinism—Puritans left for Europe or New World Supreme Governor of the Realm in Spiritual and Temporal Matters Passed Thirty-nine Articles of Religion (1563) Scotland became Calvinism; Presbyterian reform under John Knox in 1560 England tried to reform Ireland but they remained loyal to Rome 3 forms spread across N. Europe & to New World from 16th - 18th centuries Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity Unitatis Redintegratio (1964) What does the Church do; what can you do? Homework p. 132; 1-2, 6-7 (3.1 HW) Study for the 3.1 Quiz tomorrow (AA. 27-29; pp. 120-132) Make sure the 3.1 HW is ready to turn in tomorrow (p. 132; 1-7)