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The French Revolution Introduction and Context Jacobin Mobs of the French Revolution What seems revolutionary in this scene? The Schiller Institute. http://schillerinstitute.org/educ/hist/eiw_this_week/nov6_1794.html Historical Thinking Concepts Continuity and Change Primary Source Evidence Historical Perspectives Causes and Consequences Quiz and HTC Journal Quiz: Fri. March 27 (half period) “Terms for French Revolution Quiz” ◦ Open notebook HTC Journal: primary evidence (lots of docs), con’t and change [progress and decline, turning points], some causes and consequences Phases of the French Revolution (Periodization, Pace of Change) Prelude ◦ Traditional aristocratic rights reasserted vs. royal absolutism Phase 1, 1789-1791 ◦ Tone: Moderate ◦ Who: Middle class, bourgeoisie (with some street action in Paris) ◦ Form of Gov’t: Constitutional Monarchy Phases of the French Revolution Phase 2, 1792-94 ◦ Radical (The Terror- Jacobins under Robespierre) ◦ Peasants and Paris workers (sans culottes) ◦ Foreign Wars ◦ Republic (execution of the king) Phases of the French Revolution Phase 3, 1794-95 ◦Conservative/ Moderate ◦Napoleon rises out of the Directory ◦Still a republic but back to conservative/moderate Enlightenment = Liberal Vs. France = Absolute Monarchy 5 6 radical = change a lot 7 4 moderate 3 2 conservative = 1 preserve tradition Where were enlightened philosophes on this spectrum? Economic Context French Burden of Taxation on The Peasants French Peasants must pay… To the Church: Tithe To the State: Taille Vingtieme Capitation Gabelle (salt tax) *Note: In France, grain prices increased by 60% between 1730 and 1789 To Seigneur: (feudal lord of his/her parish) o Corvee (cash or kind) o Cens (feudal rent in cash) o Champart (renit in kind) o Lods et ventes ( charge on the transfer of property) o If he doesn’t own land himself, he may have to pay to use the lord’s mill, wine press, or bakery Social Context (and some Economic, too) The Three Estates in France – A Corporatist View of Society parish priests First Estate The Clergy Main Privileges About 130,000 • 138 archbishops and bishops • 2,800 canons and priors • 37,000 nuns and 23,000 monks • 60,000 parish priests • Had their own law courts (parlement) • Exempt from taxes Second Estate The nobility Main Privileges Between 120,000 and 350,000 people • King and queen • Nobles of the sword: princes, dukes, marquises, counts, viscounts, barons, knights • Nobles of the robe • Had the right to carry a sword • Received special treatment in law courts (parlement) • Exempt from taxes Everybody else Privileges Bourgeoisie = professionals Third Estate About 27 million • Lawyers, doctors, businessmen, • None people merchants, soldiers, craftsmen, shopkeepers, peasants, etc. Conflict… Three Estates add to financial crisis (First and Second don’t pay taxes!!!!) Everyone in conflict with Louis XVI, pointing out flaws of absolute monarchy bourgeoisie • Influence of enlightenment/ philosophes makes them critical of absolute monarchy • Want constitutional monarchy nobility Louis XVI • Complain about centralization • Re-assert power by claiming law courts have to register the King’s edicts (laws) Political Context French Institutions of Gov’t Under Absolute Monarchy Where is the only place where the third estate had any influence? Estates General A sort of parliament where the three estates get to meet (May, 1789) Haven't met since 1615!!! Estates vote by order (by estate) despite equal numbers (don’t vote by head - individually) 1 2 3 Estates General Con’t… Six months pass between the calling and the meeting Before the meeting each estate of each region of France gets to write its grievances (complaints, criticisms) in the form of Cahiers de Doleances ◦ every estate had complaints, but didn’t agree how to reform government Cahiers de Doleances Activity In pairs read the Cahiers PSD (in handouts) and complete the comparative organizer on Three Estates (in handouts) ◦ You may not have something for every box ◦ Vocab Edict = rule or law Deliberation = discussion Order = estate Arbitrary = random Concurrence = agreement Inherent = built-in, naturally part of Inviolable = cannot be taken away Legislative = law-making Cahiers Consolidation: Surprise or As Expected? “since diversity of religious opinions … respectful devotion to the Catholic religion…” ( ) “the legislative power reside collectively in the hands of the king and the united nation.” () “every arbitrary order prejudicial to the liberty of citizens be abolished entirely;” () “no tax be established without the concurrence [agreement] of the legislative power.” () “tax be borne equally, without distinction, by all class of citizens.” () 10 = surprise, 1 = as expected Homework Finish cahiers chart Read pages 159-162 in the text. Take notes on: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ causes National Assembly Cahiers Bread Riots Bastille Estates General Voting Abbe Sieyes