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Caste System • a set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person’s occupation and economic potential, as well as his or her position in society, based partly on skin color. Hinduism • the major Indian religious system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled in India after 1400 B.C. Karma • in Hinduism, the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life. Dharma • in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma; it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society. Yoga • a method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with Brahman. Buddhism • a religious doctrine introduced in northern India in the 6th century B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One”. Nirvana • in Buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of self and a reunion with the Great World Soul. Varnas • the name given by Aryans in ancient India to a group of people in what was believed to be an ideal social structure of four groups. Reincarnation • the rebirth of an individual’s soul in a different form after death. Confucianism • the system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; It was intended to help restore order to a society that was in a state of confusion. Legalism • a popular philosophy developed in China toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it propose that human beings are evil by nature and can be brought to the correct path only by harsh laws. Daoism • a system of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi; teaches that the will of Heaven is best followed through inaction so that nature is allowed to take its course. Civil service • the administrative service of a government, not including the armed forces, in which appointments are determined by competitive examination. Martial • relating to, or suited for, war or a warrior. Filial piety • the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the make head of the family, a concept important in Confucianism. Pilgrim • a person who travels to a shrine or other holy place. Regime • the government in power. Silk Road • a route between the Roman Empire and China, so called because silk was China’s most valuable product. Vedas • the earliest known Indian literature, which contain religious chants and stories that were originally passed down orally from generation to generation and then recorded in Sanskrit after writing developed. Ethical • conforming to accepted standards of conduct; moral.