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ROAD TO THE DAY 1 NOTES FRENCH REVOLUTION 1780 France controlled by OLD REGIME Absolute Monarchy Louis XVI (1774) Inherited Privileges of the Nobles Society divided into “3 Estates” based on Birth Power of Church FRENCH ESTATES FIRST ESTATE Clergy SECOND ESTATE st 1 nd 2 and Estates paid NO TAXES Nobles • “Old Money” • inherited Privileges • held positions in Church, army, and government THIRD ESTATE “COMMONERS” Divided into 3 Groups: Bourgeoisie Sans Culottes Peasants • largest group RD 3 Estate paid ALL TAXES CAUSES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 1)Debt • wars, Versailles, poor tax system 2)Enlightenment Ideas • freedom, justice, equality • Success based on merit and education NOT birth 3)Ssuccess of American Revolution • Inspired French to fight against government • teachings of John Locke 4)Poor leadership of King Louis XVI 5)Population Increase 6)Drought / Famine CAUSES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 7)Mistreatment of the 3rd Estate No social mobility…class based on birth No political power…could not change laws PAID ALL TAXES Bourgeoisie • wanted EQUALITY with 2nd Estate nobles Sans Culottes • wanted improved working conditions and pay • upset at 1st / 2nd Estates for not paying taxes Peasants • paid RENT and DUES to Nobles • tax burden too much for them Jan 1789 5.5.1789 Problem: Abbe Sieyes asked “ What is the 3rd Estate?” Answer = Everything “What has it been so far?” Answer = Nothing “What does it want to be?” Answer = Something DAY 2 NOTES Why would the rd 3 Estate be against this method of voting? Louis XVI called a meeting of the ESTATES GENERAL to try and find a solution omeeting of all 3 estates ohad not been called since 1614 last time Estates General voted on issues EACH ESTATE GOT 1 VOTE 3rd Estate proposed that each representative at the Estates General get 1 vote 6.17.1789 3rd Estate declared themselves the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY because they felt they represented France TENNIS COURT OATH stay together until a Constitutional Monarchy was formed Beginning of French Revolution 7.1.1789 Louis XVI ordered thousands of troops to Paris to provide “protection” “commoners” feared the troops had been called to “end” the National Assembly JULY 14, 1789 OVERTHROW OF THE BASTILLE storehouse for guns/ammo Symbolic beginning of FRENCH REVOLUTION 7.15.1789 Louis XVI dismissed the army too late to prevent revolution SPREAD OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION GREAT FEAR •Rumors of nobles sending “hitmen” to kill peasants •peasants began killing nobles and destroying “contracts” EMIGRES began fleeing France •2nd Estate Nobles •feared for their lives National Assembly Takes Control DAY 3 NOTES August 5, 1789 AUGUST DECREES •National Assembly ended privileges of the nobles EVERYONE taxed •Old Regime is DEAD!!! August 27, 1789 DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN •French “Declaration of Independence” •Slogan = Liberty, Equality, Fraternity October 5, 1789 WOMEN’S MARCH ON VERSAILLES •women upset with lack of bread and high bread prices •brought “Royal family” back to Paris Fear of French Plague As French Revolution continued, many European leaders feared the “FRENCH PLAGUE” • did not want “Enlightenment” ideas spreading to their country June 20, 1791 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette tried to flee France for Austria •caught and brought back •“Radicals” wanted monarchy ended King committed Treason Legislative Assembly Forms Sept 13, 1791 Constitution of 1791 was created •Constitutional Monarchy was created •Legislative Assembly formed controlled by Moderates Different groups developed with different ideas on how France should develop RADICALS Sat on Left “Left-wingers” Wanted a Republic MODERATES Sat in Middle “Centrists” Supported the Constitutional Monarchy CONSERVATIVES Sat on Right “Right-wingers” Wanted to re-develop an Absolute Monarchy War against Austria / Prussia April 20, 1792 LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY declares war on Austria and Prussia French Army was poorly prepared, trained, and supplied France losing power of “Radicals” began to increase July 28, 1792 BRUNSWICK MANIFESTO from Prussia •warning to not harm royal family •Revolutionaries were being “called out” •Increased French pride National Convention Forms Sept 20, 1792 Battle of Valmy •victory over Austria / Prussia •power of Radicals increased Sept 21, 1792 Legislative Assembly ends and National Convention forms led by the Radicals (Jacobins) Robespierre was main leader abolished the monarchy Established a Republic found Louis XVI guilty of treason January 21, 1793 - Louis XVI – “razored” REIGN OF TERROR JACOBINS in “total control” DAY 4 NOTES create COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY eliminate “Enemies of the Revolution” begin “REIGN OF TERROR” •Marie Antoinette beheaded By 1794 France was becoming stronger pushed Austria and Prussia back people called on the “Reign of Terror” to end “silenced” enemies inside of France Robespierre = NO! Thermidorian Reaction THERMIDORIAN REACTION •people wanted Robespierre stopped •Robespierre was executed France was ready for change National Convention ended…”Frenchies” ready to move past paranoia of rule by radicals Directory was created 5 Moderates •corrupt, backstabbing, power hungry •did not fix problems •but better than killing “Frenchies” during “Reign of Terror” 11.9.1799 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE overthrows the government • “Coup d’etat” NAPOLEON TAKES CONTROL After 10 years of change and terror with French Revolution, France was ready to accept a dictator set up a “police state used spies Napoleon used Plebescite elections to gauge his popularity •Vote “Yes” or “No” 1800 1st Consul 1802 Consul for Life 1804 Emperor of France Established “Order, Security, Efficiency” ALL Citizens pay taxes Government jobs based on MERIT Louisiana Purchase $15 million Started Lycées (public schools) Established a National Bank Concordat of 1801 made peace w/ Catholic Church NAPOLEONIC CODE •equality •forbid privileges based on Birth •Abolished Feudalism NEGATIVES Slavery was restored in the French colonies. Limited •Free speech •Women’s Rights Napoleon’s military 1805 - Battle of TRAFALGAR DAY 5 NOTES French Naval loss to England IMPACT OF LOSS o France could not invade England o Napoleon became obsessed with defeating England NAPOLEON’S MISTAKES Mistake #3 Mistake #1 Mistake #2 Russian Invasion Peninsular War Continental (1812) (1808)) System (1806) Napoleon attempted to weaken Britain with a blockade -no one in Europe could trade with England -British Navy used a counter blockade Attempt to make brother, Joseph, king of Spain Spain used 1)Guerilla War 2)Nationalism Stalemate “Spanish Ulcer” Napoleon invaded Russia…Alexander I would not stop trading with England Napoleon Retreated 1)Russia used Scorched-Earth policy 2)Winter 1813 Battle of Leipzig Napoleon is attacked by Grand Alliance (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria) during retreat 3.20.1815 Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France…still loved by the French 6.22.1815 BATTLE OF WATERLOO Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon and exiles him to St. Helena 2 MAIN FACTORS FOR NAPOLEON’S MILITARY FAILURES 1) FAILURE TO DEFEAT ENGLAND 2) RISE OF NATIONALISM IN OTHER COUNTRIES countries unified against France showed the power of Nationalism NAPOLEON’S LEGACY • Military Success – 1st ruler in 1000 years to control Europe • Napoleonic Code - GREATEST ACHIEVMENT – "My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code.“ – Greatest Achievement • • • • Spread Enlightenment ideas Growth of nationalism throughout Europe Metric system Louisiana Purchase – $15 million to U.S.