Download Macroevolution

MACROEVOLUTION
• Microevolution – focus on populations
evolving
• MACROEVOLUTION – large geological
evolutionary events and speciation
– Age of Earth and major evolutionary events
– Fossil record analysis
– Gradualism versus Punctuated Equilibrium
– Phyletic versus Divergent Speciation
Phylogeny and Tree of Life (ch26)
• Phylogeny – evolutionary history of species or
group
• Systematics – discipline focused on classifying
organisms and determining phylogeny
* Binomial nomenclature
* Hierarchical classification
Morphology and Biochemistry
• Before biochemical
analysis evolutionary
trees based on
anatomy and
physiology of
organisms
Cladistics – classification based on
common descent forms
• Cladograms – group organisms based on shared
characteristics
* Primitive or original characteristic = shared
by all members of the group (of little value)
* derived or advanced characteristics –
characteristics unique to a group, usually more
advanced features added to the primitive
Cladograms Introduction
• http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/ob
onu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf
Try it – complete Cladogram Analysis
Answer
Try making your own – simple example
Notice common characters
Jars of Life!
• Goal: Create a table, Venn Diagram and
cladogram for the specimens in the group.
Example – Phylogeny of Living
Organisms
HW: CLADOGRAM PHYLOGENY - Invertebrate
and Vertebrate Cladograms – try them, use
textbook and define unknown terms
LESSON 1
Phylogeny and Systemics
Example – Phylogeny of Living
Organisms
Notice common characters
Which group circled depicts a
complete evolutionary relationship
with ancestors?
1.
2.
According to the cladogram, are
crocodiles related more closely to
snake and lizards or birds?
What common character do birds and
crocodiles share?
Lepidosauromorpha
Archosauromorpha
Diapsida
DNA!
CROCODILE AND CHICKEN DNA IS MORE
SIMILAR THAN CROCODILE AND SNAKE or
CROCODILE AND LIZARD
Constructing a Cladogram
1. Sort homology from analogy
Try one- start with table that shows
common characters
Try this one – it’s similar to your
project
Answer the following
guiding questions
1. Which is the outlier?
2. Which are least
related?
3. Which are the most
closely related?
4. Which are second most
related?
Now just piece the puzzle
together!
Answer
EXAMPLE: Muscle protiens
• Actin and Myosin are
proteins that cause muscle
contractions in all animals
• Lots of additional proteins
help support the muscle
contraction process
• These supporting proteins
vary in amino acid sequence
from one species to another
• Can be used to determine
rate of change and
relationships
Your group will be producing a table like
this one! It will show common characters
(proteins) between fish species
Using DNA/RNA as evidence for
evolutionary relationships.
• Having a BLAST! activity