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California State Standards:
Structure and Function of Plants
All living organisms are composed of cells, from just one to
many trillions, whose details usually are visible only through
a microscope. As a basis for understanding this concept:
Students know that mitochondria liberate energy for the
work that cells do and that chloroplasts capture sunlight
energy for photosynthesis.
A typical cell of any organism contains genetic instructions
that specify its traits. Those traits may be modified by
environmental influences. As a basis for understanding this
concept:
Students know the differences between the life
cycles and reproduction methods of sexual and
asexual organisms.
The anatomy and physiology of plants and animals illustrate
the complementary nature of structure and function. As a
basis for understanding this concept:
Students know plants and animals have levels of
organization for structure and function, including
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole
organism.
Students know the structures and processes by which
flowering plants generate pollen, ovules, seeds, and
fruit.
Nearly all plants are
autotrophs, organisms
that produce their own
food by photosynthesis.
(page 362) All plants are
Eukaryotes (organism
whose cells contain a
nuclei) with chloroplasts
and cells walls made of
cellulose. Plants are
multicellular and their
cells are organized into
tissue. The ancestors of
plants that we see today
were most likely ancient
algae.
 Plants with true vascular tissue are
called Vascular Plants. Vascular are
better suited to life in dry areas
than nonvascular plants. Their well
developed vascular tissue solves
the problem of transport, moving
materials more quickly and
efficiently throughout the plant’s
body.
 Nonvascular Plants are plants that
lack a well-developed system of
tubes for transporting water and
other materials. They are low
growing
Note:
 Vascular plants differ from nonvascular by how they transport
material.
 Plants have a complex life cycles
that include two stages, the
sporophyte stage and the
gametophyte stage.
 In the sporophyte stage, the plant
produces spores, tiny cells that can
grow into new organisms. A spore
develops into the plant’s other
stage called the gametophyte.
Gametophyte stage, the plant
produces sex cells, or gametes. The
gametophyte stage produces two
kinds of sex cells: sperm cells and
egg cells.
Page 367
 Seedless vascular plants reproduce by
making spores.
 Gymnosperm are vascular plants that
reproduce by seeds. They do not form
flowers or fruit.
 Gymnosperms produce seeds that are not
enclosed by fruits.
 The reproduction structure of most
gymnosperms are called cones.
 Angiosperms are vascular plants that flower,
and produce seeds that are surrounded by
fruit.
 Angiosperms produce fruits. In angiosperms
a fruit forms after a zygote is formed.
 Dicots are angiosperms that have seeds with
two seed leaves.
 Angiosperm produce nectar to attract insects
and bird, who assist in the process of
pollination. (This is also an example of a
symbiotic relationship.)
Page 378
 Xylem is the part of the tree that forms a
woody stem that indicates the age of the
tree.
 In the Phloem food moves down from
leaves.
 Seed plants produce pollen, tiny
structures that contain the cells that will
later becomes sperm cells.
 A seed is a structure that contains a young
plant inside a protective covering. Seeds
protect the young plant from drying out.
Page 381
 The plants roots functions are to absorb
water, store food, and anchor the plant.
 The hairs of the root plant help a plant
absorb water and nutrients.
 A land dwelling plant’s most important
adaptation for obtaining water and
nutrients is its root system.
 Sporophyte produce spores, tiny cells that
can grow into new organisms. A spore
develops into the plant’s other stage
called the gametophyte.
 Gametophyte produce egg and sperm
cells during the life cycle of a plant.
 Parts of a seed: stored food, embryo, and
cotyledon, a seed leaf. (Page 377)
 Germination will not happen unless a
seed absorbs water.
 The main function of a leaf is to carry out
the food making process of
photosynthesis.
 Monocots include grasses, corn, wheat,
rice, and plants such as lilies and tulips.
(Page 396)
 Dicots include plants such as roses and
violets, as well as dandelions. Oak and
maple trees are dicots. (Page 396)
 Cuticle of most plants cover the
leaves, it is a waxy waterproof
layer.
 Gases pass in and out of a leaf
through the stomata.
 Transpiration is the process by
which water evaporates from a
plant’s leaves.
 Flower’s female reproduction parts
are called pistils.
 Flowering plants provide materials
for humans to use like cotton
clothing and rubber tires.
MOSS:
 Moss is a type of nonvascular
plant.
 The rhizoid, the part of a moss
plant, that absorbs water and
nutrients from the soil.
 Like algae, mosses absorb water
and nutrients directly from the
environment through their cell
walls. Mosses are likely found in an
environment where they can
absorb water and nutrients.
FERNS:
 Roots and stems of a fern grow
under ground.
 On the underside of fern fronds
you will expect to find spores.
It is important for a plant to have an
effective means of dispersal
because…
 Dispersal allows seeds to reach
areas where conditions are good to
grow.
 Dispersal allows seeds to colonize
new and sometimes distant areas.
 Seedling s, baby plants, have a
better chance of survival if they
germinate far from the parent
plant so that they do not have to
compete for resources.
 If a seed possesses hooked
structures, you might infer that its
main mode of dispersal is by
animals.