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Cellular Energy Biology Standard 2, Objective 2 ◦ Describe the flow of energy and matter in cellular function Cellular Energy Energy: How do I recharge my batteries? ◦ Energy = the ability to do work ◦ Energy cannot be created or destroyed (law of conservation of energy) ◦ Energy always changes from one form to another ◦ Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds ◦ Energy is released as bonds are broken About 90% is converted to heat energy that is given off by the organism Cellular Energy ATP – adenosine triphosphate ◦ Energy source for cells ◦ Produced by photosynthesis and cellular respiration ◦ Used in many cellular processes ◦ One molecule contains three phosphate groups Cellular Energy ATP and energy ◦ When bond between phosphates is broken, energy is released ◦ Phosphate is added back on during cellular respiration and the molecule can be reused ◦ ADP can be converted to AMP by removing another phosphate, but it yields less energy Cellular Energy How do organisms obtain energy? ◦ Autotrophs – produce their own energy from sunlight (photosynthesis) Store energy as carbohydrates Plants, algae, some bacteria Cellular Energy Heterotrophs ◦ Cannot make their own food ◦ Consumers ◦ All animals and fungi and many protists and bacteria Cellular Energy Objectives: ◦ I can illustrate the cycling of matter and the flow of energy through photosynthesis and respiration ◦ I can measure the production of one or more products of either photosynthesis or respiration ◦ Text reference: p. 130-133 Cellular Energy Photosynthesis ◦ Plants use water, carbon dioxide, and light to produce food (usually sugar) and oxygen ◦ Chlorophyll in leaves helps capture solar energy ◦ Carbon dioxide enters through pores called stomata ◦ Water comes through leaf’s veins Cellular Energy Chloroplast ◦ Organelle in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis Cellular Energy Light reactions ◦ Happen in the thylakoid membranes ◦ Water and light used ◦ Several steps ◦ Products are NADPH and ATP, which are used later. ◦ Oxygen is a waste product that exits the chloroplast Cellular Energy The Calvin Cycle ◦ “Dark reactions” ◦ Carbon dioxide used along with the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions ◦ Glucose usually produced Glucose = energy source Cellulose or starch can also be products Cellular Chemistry Assignments ◦ P. 134-135 #1-14 ◦ Waterweed Simulation On CANVAS Submit the form when you are finished Cellular Energy Objectives: ◦ I can illustrate the cycling of matter and the flow of energy through photosynthesis and respiration ◦ I can measure the production of one or more products of either photosynthesis or respiration ◦ Text reference: p. 138-144 Cellular Energy Cellular Respiration ◦ Energy in food converted into energy that can be used by the body ◦ Glucose and oxygen converted to ATP (and carbon dioxide and water) Cellular Energy Equation for cellular respiration ◦ Opposite of photosynthesis Cellular Energy Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy Glycolysis ◦ Occurs in all cells ◦ Glucose broken down to pyruvate ◦ 2 ATP produced from each glucose Cellular Energy Krebs (citric acid) Cycle ◦ Occurs in mitochondria ◦ Several reactions ◦ Pyruvic acid from glycolysis broken down to ATP and high energy electrons ◦ CO2 is a waste product ◦ 2 ATP molecules produced Cellular Energy Electron Transport Chain ◦ Occurs in mitochondria ◦ Oxygen used to make ATP ◦ Oxygen combines with hydrogens to become water ◦ 32-34 ATP produced Cellular Energy Fermentation ◦ Occurs when oxygen is not available Anaerobic conditions ◦ Pyruvic acid from glycolysis converted to a small amount of ATP ◦ Lactic acid fermentation Animals and some bacteria and fungi Buildup of lactic acid makes muscles sore ◦ Alcoholic fermentation Yeasts, some plants Carbon dioxide builds up Cellular Energy Cellular Energy Assignments ◦ Page 145 # 1-11 ◦ Lab: Cellular Respiration Reminder: Test over biochemistry and cellular energy will be December 7/8 (Monday and Tuesday) Cellular Energy
