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World War II Outcome: Causes of World War II Causes of World War II 1. Underlying Causes of World War II a. Nationalism (Review from WWI): Extreme pride in one’s nationality or country b. Imperialism (Review from WWI): Taking of land/property c. Militarism (Review from WWI): Building weapons or a strong military Causes of World War II 1. Underlying Causes of World War II d. Fascism: a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition Causes of World War II e. Totalitarian Dictatorships: Leaders who control all aspects of society i. Each dictator took advantage of economic problems by: 1. Promising simple solutions to their nation’s problems 2. Rebuilding national pride (often using propaganda) 3. Providing scapegoats (targets for anger & blame) 4. Absorbing power, taking away individual rights, and crushing opposition (1 party; 1 ruler) Adolf Hitler in Germany Causes of World War II 2. Fascist Germany a. Dictator: Adolf Hitler (Der Fuhrer or The leader) i. Nazism is German Fascism b. Goals: i. Nationalism: 1. Wanted to rebuild Germany 2. Preached Vengeance against (4 hates) a. Democracies (a weak & undisciplined form of gov’t) b. Communism (a threat to Nazi growth) c. November Criminals who signed the WWI Armistice d. Jews (the source of all evil & problems in Germany) Causes of World War II 2. Fascist Germany ii. Imperialism: 1. A desire to unite all people of German ancestry (Blood & language) 2. “Lebensraum” (a desire for more living space) needed to build his empire he called The Third Reich iii. Militarism: 1. Defied the Treaty of Versailles & rebuild the army 2. Created the “Nazi War Machine” 3. Built #1 military in the world Benito Mussolini of Italy Causes of World War II 3. Fascist Italy a. Dictator: Benito Mussolini (Il Duce = The Leader) b. Goals: Nationalism: 1. Wished to rebuild the ancient Holy Roman Empire ii. Imperialism: 1. Felt betrayed by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles Conference due to a promise of land for joining the Allies that was not kept 2. Wanted to control lands around the Mediterranean Sea; 3. “Mare Nostrum” = Our Sea iii. Militarism: 1. Formed the Rome-Berlin Axis (alliance) with Germany in 1936 i. Hideki Tojo & Emperor Hirohito Causes of World War II 4. Japan a. Dictators: Hideki Tojo: Military Leader & Prime Minister ii. Emperor Hirohito: Political & Spiritual figurehead i. b. Goals i. Nationalism: 1. Japan wanted to be #1 in Asia 2. Goal: Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere: name for power in Asia ii. Imperialism: 1. To be #1 in Asia, they needed oil and raw materials 2. Wanted China’s land (and others) to obtain oil and raw materials iii. Militarism: 1. Built up the strongest military regime in Asia 2. Soldier’s motto: “Death before Dishonor” Causes of World War II 5. Others a. Spain: Franco’s fascists won the Spanish Civil War b. Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin took control of the communist nation Germany, Italy, & Japan became known as the Axis Powers once the war began. AKA the Bad Guys! Francisco Franco of Spain Joseph Stalin in The Soviet Union Causes of World War II e. Poor Decisions were made by the powerful democracies i. France & Great Britain adopted a policy of appeasement ii. The League of Nations would prove ineffective; lacked a military iii. U.S.: Isolationism & Depression kept our focus on U.S. concerns; once aggression began we claimed to be neutral Causes of World War II Equation: Nationalism + Imperialism + Militarism = Aggression Extreme Aggression = War! Take notes on the following dictators • Nov. 1918: Germany surrendered to Allies (Britain, France, USA) ending WWI. • Germany AND some other nations hated the Treaty of Versailles. • Many European nations suffered after WWI, during the Great Depression. • Some embraced dictators. • Totalitarianism-single ruler that controls nation and citizens’ lives. • • • • • • • • • • • Italian WWI veteran. Italy’s economy was hurting after WWI. 1919- Formed Italy's fascist party. Fascism: Aggressive militant nationalism. Believed military expansion makes nation great. Like many Italians, he was disappointed with Allies and Treaty of Versailles. 1922- Mussolini and his followers, black shirts, (unemployed WWI veterans) march on Rome saying communist revolt was near and he could restore order in Italy. Soon he was named Premier by King Victor Emmanuel to restore order. 1925: Named himself dictator. Outlawed other political parties, controlled all newspapers, and established a secret police. Known as IL Duce, “the leader.” • WWI veteran. • Political & economic chaos in Germany after WWI led to rise of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or NAZI. • Not socialists & Not concerned with workers rights. • Believed in German ethnic purity and nationalism • Aryans should control Germany to restore greatness. • Hitler joined Nazi party after WWI & eventually became the leader. • Promoted German pride and antiSemitism. • Nov. 8-9 1923: Munich Putsch: failed NAZI rebellion to overthrow Weimar Republic. • Jailed for 9 months (treason.) • In prison he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) describing problems facing Germany and vision of 3rd German Reich. • Wrote about Anti-Semitism • Believed German Aryan master race needed more lebensraum, living space, and wanted Germany to expand. • Horrible German economy helped Nazi party gain power in the Reichstag: German congress. • 1933- President von Hindenburg of the Weimar Republic appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany. • President Von Hindenburg died in 1934. • Hitler then known as Fuhrer, “the leader.” • Created secret police (Gestapo) and government controlled media and education. • By late 1930’s, Hitler’s economic policies like rebuilding the military and public works projects ended German economic depression. - Japan fought with Allies in WWI. - During 1920’s Japan was a WESTERN LIKE capitalist democracy. - Spent billions in building military. - Small island: needs to import resources to produce goods. - Imports were more expensive than export revenue, which hurt businesses and led to unemployment. - And MAJOR Earthquake hit in 1923. - Japanese began to doubt capitalism. • Most Americans supported isolationism. • Neutrality Act of 1935: Illegal for Americans to sell weapons to any nation at war. • Neutrality Act of 1937: Required any country at war who buys any American goods to do so on a cash and carry basis. • 1937: Japan invaded China: FDR authorized sale of weapons to help the Chinese. • 1933: Hitler declared unification of all German speaking people in Europe. • March, 1936: Nazi military occupies Rhineland • Feb. 1938: NAZI troops annex Austria. (Anchluss) “Unification” • Sept., 1938: Sudetenland: • Hitler, Mussolini & French & British Prime Ministers go to Munich, Germany to meet. • Sept. 1938: Neville Chamberlain & Edward Daladier agree to Hitler's demands at Munich Conference • Appeasement • Oct.1938: Hitler demanded Danzig, Polish Baltic Sea port city (90% German population) • March, 1939: NAZI occupation of Czechoslovakia. • Aug.1939: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact: • Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland. • Sept. 3, 1939 British and French declare war on Germany. • German blitzkrieg: lightning war: Tanks, artillery, aircraft, soldiers ALL AT ONCE in overwhelming force. • Sept 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland • Sept. 27, 1939: Poland surrendered. • April, 1940: Germany invades Denmark and Norway. • May, 1940: Nazis invade Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. • June, 1940: France surrenders. • Poland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands Belgium, Luxembourg, all surrender by Summer, 1940. • May, 1940: Winston Churchill elected British Prime Minister. • Nazi invasion across English Channel would be dangerous. • German Luftwaffe vs. RAF (Royal Air Force.) • June, 1940-Oct. 1940: began with Luftwaffe attacking British Navy, RAF, and strategic military or industrial targets. • Aug 24, 1940: Luftwaffe accidentally bombed center of London, killing 9 innocent people. • RAF responds by bombing Berlin. • Hitler wanted to terrorize the British so they would lose their will to fight. • British had radar, giving them an advantage. • British RAF successful vs. the Luftwaffe. • Oct.12, 1940: Hitler stops invasion of Britain. • The Blitz: September 1940-May 1941: more than 100 tons of explosives were dropped on 16 British cities. • London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights. • American neutrality was declared 2 days after Britain & France declare war on Germany • Neutrality Act of 1939: Allied nations could buy resources from U.S. (cash and carry) • Most Americans favored helping the Allies: Interventionists. • Isolationists formed America First Committee opposing intervention. • Dec.1940- Britain running out of $$$. • March, 1941: Congress passed Lend-Lease Act: U.S. could lend or lease any weapons to Allies. • Japan part of Axis Powers with Germany and Italy since Sept., 1940. • American responses to all of this: 1. Military aid to China. 2. Trade embargo on Japan (no more American oil, iron, steel.) • Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Home of largest U.S. Pacific Naval Base and Fleet. • • December 7, 1941. 21 US Navy ships damaged or sunk, 188 planes destroyed 2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 injured Congress declares war on Japan; Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. • •