Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Contact and Exploration Units 1 and 2 First Americans • First Americans - approximately 35,000 years ago – long before Neolithic revolution • Date subject to debate • First Americans were huntergatherers • Crossed land bridge at Beringia • Gradual migration over thousands of years NAs throughout North and South America 14,000 years ago • Cultural differences -different ecological regions • diversity - 2000 languages spoken in the Americas • 1491: 50 to 100 million Native Americans (as many as Europeans), maybe 10M north of Mexico, 700,000 on coastal plain and piedmont Native American Unity • NO MORE UNITED THAN EUROPE WAS!!! NO UNITY TO RESIST EUROPEANS. SOME SAW EUROPEANS AS POSSIBLE ALLIES AGAINST ENEMIES Native American World View • Animists: every part of the natural world was sacred and world inhabited by beings with spirits linked together into a sacred whole • Land should not be exploited. • Land not privately held. Territorial boundaries existed but within these limits land held in common. • The collective not the individual was emphasized. No emphasis on private accumulation. Note: Be sure to take good notes on the Native American culture groups shared in class!!! Regional Cultures – VERY IMPORTANT!! Pueblo People of Southwest (Hopi, Pueblos) • Noted for: arid environment smaller populations, intricate irrigation systems and hillside terracing to work dry environment, ceramics and cotton, use of adobe, a Spaniard wrote in 1559 wrote, “they live very much the same as we do” Great Plains: Lakota (Sioux), Comanche, Crow • Noted for: originally hunter-gatherers, and farming BUT Columbian Exchange transformed these tribes. Horses led to more success in buffalo hunting AND expansion into lands held by others. Some small farming communities remained. • Pacific Coast – generally rejected agriculture due to abundance of food resources • California - home of localized groups many groups remained hunter gatherers • Northwest – Chinooks, Tlingits: use of ocean going dugout canoes, stratified societies governed by wealthy families, expert woodcarvers – ceremonial masks • Potlaches: winter gatherings sponsored by leading families gave away possessions to satisfy tribe members Atlantic Coast – Iroquois, Coastal Tribes • Iroquois: 5 nations. matrilineal, the Iroquois Confederation, reciprocity, shaming and communalism • Coastal Indians – including Powhattan and Pequot • hunting, fishing and farming supported small villages often surrounded by wooden stockades as well as smaller mobile communities, • Many different nations which prevented unity and was exploited by European conquerors. Factors Contributing to European Expansion • 1. Significance of the Catholic (universal) Church. Protestant Reformation not until 16th Cent. • Envy of Muslim lands/ trade routes • 2. Ottoman Empire cut Europeans off from land based trade in spices and luxury goods with Asia! • 3. New routes to Asia were Needed! • 4. New technologies, geographical knowledge and cartographical skills • Caravel and triangular sails for ocean voyages • Gunpowder and steel • Astrolabe and Compass • The shape and size of world had been known! Columbus using Biblical ideas refused to accept the distance to Asia was 12000 miles; he thought it was 3500! 5. More powerful nation states • England and France slowly developing following the Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453). • Spain: • Aragon and Castile merged when Ferdinand and Isabella married in 1469. • In 1492, their armies defeated Muslims at Granada; Muslims and Jews expelled from the land Columbus • Hoped to convert Asians to Christianity and find wealth to assist Europeans in struggle with Islam • Pope recognized conquest – 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain newly discovered western lands and Portugal newly discovered eastern lands • 1492 - “I found very many islands filled with people innumerable, and of them all I have taken possession for their highnesses” Columbus • Treated people of Caribbean horrifically! (as non-Christians they could be exploited). Took slaves to return to Europe. • Ideas spread rapidly due to newly invented printing press. Columbus (2) • 1493 Columbus returned to found colony - base of further exploration, and gain wealth • (gold, furs, sugar, slaves) • War of Conquest – using horses, canon, steel and trained dogs hundreds of Taino killed on Hispaniola • Coumbus and Indians as envisioned in “the Black Legend” told by rival English • Slaves taken to work on plantations ( it was legal to take slaves in a “just war”) • Inspiration for other Spanish and European conquerors. The Spanish empire • Conquests: • Lured first by desire for slaves in the Caribbean, later a lust for gold • Conquistadors – victorious due to use of steel weapons, use of frightening horses and war dogs, boldness, dishonesty but mostly the impact of disease which weakened and demoralized Indians • Conquistadors: • First Caribbean, Mexico and Peru, • Ponce de Leon: Florida (1513 – 1521) • Hernando de Soto: Mississippi Valley (1539 – 42) • Mostly met by gift bearing Indians, he still destroyed villages and tried to enslave them • First Permanent Settlement in America – St. Augustine – 1565 The Spanish in North America – mostly looking for gold or riches The Spanish Conquest and Columbian Exchange • Columbian Exchange = the interchange of diseases, plants and human cultures between the New and Old Worlds after 1492 • Completely remade North American environment! • Introduction of new crops (sugar), new animals (horses, sheep, cattle and pigs), and new pathogens. Columbian Exchange in the New World: Epidemics A Holocaust • On Hispaniola: From 300,000 in 1492 33,000 in 1510 and 500 in 1548. • Diseases spread rapidly people had no immunities and were overworked by conquerors • GENERALLY a 90% drop in population • Large tracts of land now open to European settlement. In many cases like New England already cleared! Columbian Exchange in Old World : A population explosion! • Cassava transported to Africa, potatoes and corn to Europe led to rapid population growth • Europe 1492 = 80M; 1650 = 105M • African population growth made slave trade easier. The Spanish In the New World – The Black Legend Spanish church and rulers committed to bringing Indians freedom through Christianity Colonizers interested in wealth to free Spain from conflicts Colonists and Indians • Conquistadors rewarded with grants known as encomiendas – the right to forced labor in return for “Christianizing” Indians • Indians conscripted, exposed to disease, and overworked on large plantations • EVENTUAL ASSIMILATION WAS GOAL! New Spain • Colonists mostly young men resulted in intermarriage with Native Americans and a new caste system • New Spain became rich as a result of sugar plantations and silver mines. Bartolome de Las Casas • Las Casas, Spanish priest, wrote of mistreatment of Indians, and pleaded for intervention by Spanish authorities. • Although he later changed his mind, he called for use of African Slavery to spare the Indian population • Recognized as a hero by indigenous peoples of Mexico • His work contributed to Black Legend New Mexico and Pope’s Revolt II • Spanish ruled harshly – demanding labor and attempting to crush Pueblo traditional practices. • 1680 Pope, pueblo leader, led revolt of 17,000 the greatest defeat of Europeans in American history • Pope urged Pueblo to restore traditional practices and reverse baptisms. Built kivas on church sites. • Spanish forced back to Mexico! Complete rejection of Spanish influence! • Spanish did not regain control for a dozen years but repealed ecomiendas, accepted religious compromises • Tremendous wealth! • Spain became the dominant power AND a perceived threat to other European nations New France • Original goal: Northwest Passage and to find gold failure. Fur trade became motivation of French efforts • Quebec 1608, • Sieur de La Salle claimed Mississippi Basin • Sparsely settled – only 19,000 by 1700, unable to defend! • King opposed settlement • Numbers not needed for beaver trade New France and Indians • Emphasis on trade a generally better relationship, alliances with various tribes • Did not appropriate land or force labor • Generally promoted Indian assimilation, however many French became assimilated into Indian cultures The Dutch in North America (New Netherlands) • By 1614 Dutch settled Albany New York; 1624 purchased Manhattan (named New Amsterdam) • centered on fur trade • Very tolerant and diverse communities • Colony governed as a harsh military outpost • Large estates offered to patroons on Hudson River to attract wealthy investors who would transport servants – not generally successful • Only 9000 lived in New Netherlands when Britain seized it in mid 1600s,