Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 31: Fungi fungi are most closely related to ANIMALS body structure: made of tiny filaments called HYPHAE, cell walls are made out of CHITIN, hyphae form a MYCELIUM septate: SEPTA form crosswalls in the hyphae; SEPTATE fungi are fungi with septa coenocytic: fungi that lack crosswalls (lack septa) nutrition: fungi are absorptive heterotrophs (they secrete digestive enzymes that partially digest their food so they can absorb it) reproduction: o sexual reproduction: often go through this when environmental conditions are poor can use spores for sexual reproduction (ex. asci, basidium, zygosporangia) release of pheromones brings hyphae of fungi together, they fuse plasmogamy: union of 2 cytoplasms karyogamy: fusion of 2 nuclei, forms diploid cell meiosis restores haploid condition o imperfect fungi: only have asexual reproduction, ex. yeast o asexual reproduction: can also be in form of spores (ex. conidia) haustoria: extensions of fungi present in some species of fungi, help the fungi feed on plants and animals mycorhizzal fungi: fungi help plant roots take up phosphate, plant helps fungi take up nutrients Chapter 32: Intro to Animal Diversity reproduction/development: DIPLOID stage is dominant o ZYGOTE undergoes CLEAVAGE to form a BLASTULA which undergoes GASTRULATION to form a GASTRULA cleavage: cell division without growth o protostome development: cleavage is SPRIAL and DETERMINATE, the blastopore of the gastrula develops into the MOUTH o Deuterostome development: cleavage is RADIAL and INDETERMINATE, the blastopore of the gastrula becomes the ANUS ecdysozoans: shed through ECDYSIS (molting or shedding) lophotrochozoans: some have Lophophore (crown-shaped feeding structure) or trocophore (larval stage) germ layers o ectoderm: forms outer cover and central nervous system (ex. brain) o mesoderm: forms muscles and organs o endoderm: lines digestive tube o Diploblastic: organism that has 2 germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) o Triploblastic: organism that has 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) coelom: body cavity derived from the mesoderm o acoelomate: lacking a coelom (body cavity) o Pseudocoelomate: has a “fake coelom”, derived from mesoderm AND endoderm (not just mesoderm) o coelomate: has a true coelom, derived only from the mesoderm o metamorphosis: change in FORM Chapter 33: Invertebrates sponges: lack symmetry, lack true tissues, sedentary (don’t move) o how do they feed? suspension feeders, use CHOANOCYTES to move water to help find food o how do they reproduce? hermaphrodites (produce both male and female gametes) cnidaria o body plan: sac with a central digestive compartment, single opening is mouth and anus, 2 forms: polyp (sedentary) and medusa (mobile) o use CNIDOCYTES for feeding Platyhelminthes o FLATWORMS o body plan: acoelomates, no organs for gas exchange, most are parasites rotifers o reproduction: PARTHENOGENESIS (female species don’t need males to reproduce unless environmental conditions are poor) molluscs o basic body plan: 3 main body parts (foot, mantle, visceral mass) o torsion: developmental process where visceral mass twists so that anus ends up above head annelids o segmented worms o reproduction: are hermaphrodites nematodes o roundworms o important parasites of humans and plants (importance is that they can be harmful to us) arthropods o majority of extant (living) animals are arthropods o derived characteristics: exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented, have an open circulatory system and organs specialized for gas exchange insects o derived characteristics: have head, thorax, and abdomen, complex digestive organs, and 3 pairs of legs o incomplete metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adult o complete metamorphosis: egg, larva, pupa, adult o have a tracheal system crustaceans o have branched appendages specialized for feeding and movement echinoderms (“spiny skin”) o NO TERRESTRIAL SPECIES o slow moving or sessile o have a water vascular system and tube feet Chapter 34: Vertebrates chordates o derived characteristics: notochord: longitudinal dorsal-hollow nerve chord muscular post-anal tail pharyngeal slits craniates o chordates with a head o unique feature: NEURAL CREST vertebrates o Deuterostomes o bilaterians (bilateral symmetry) o have a backbone gnathostomes o vertebrates with true jaws jaws developed from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits o enlarged forebrain, enhanced sense of smell and vision o tetrapod development: have limbs and feet, developed when fins became more limb-like amphibians o FIRST CHORDATE to spend a portion of their lives on land o amphibian: “both ways of lives” o rely on moist skin and moist environments reptiles o derived characteristics: have scales to protect from drying and abrading o development of an amniotic egg containing 4 specialized membranes to protect the embryo allowed vertebrates to move to terrestrial environments o endothermic: generates body heat through metabolism o ectothermic: absorbs heat externally from the environment mammals o derived characteristics: mammary glands, hair, are endothermic, have diaphragms montremes: no nipples marsupials: have pouch eutherians: have placentas, longer period of pregnancy evolution of humans o humans are members of PRIMATE APE group o human evolution is not a “ladder” leading directly from early humanlike groups to current species (Homo sapiens); it is branching o hominin species: Homo habilis: oldest species of hominin groups Homo ergaster: first fully bipedal (walking upright on 2 feet) Homo erectus: first hominin to leave Africa Homo neanderthalensis: lived in Europe, large with prominent brow Homo sapiens: originated in Africa, what is present today