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Chapter 31
 Continuation
of WWI
• Treaty of Versailles
• Result of Germany being punished for WWI
 Japan
was the initial aggressors in Pacific
• 1931 invasion of Manchuria
• 2nd Sino-Japanese War (Rape of China)
 Spanish
Civil War (1936-39)
• Francisco Franco supported by Germany and Italy
• Soviet Union supported current government
• Both sides tested new weapons
 Casualties(estimates)
• Axis Military and Civilian- 8,268,000*
• Allied Civilian and Military- 39,963,700*
 USSR- 20 million & China 10 Million*
 * Varies per source
 Major
use of airpower
• Ex. Battle of Britain
 Extensive
Naval Warfare
• Including amphibious landings
 Nazis
• National Socialist (Nationalsozialist)
• Came to power in 1933
 Hitler appointed Chancellor by President Hindenburg,
then became Fuhrer after his death
 Failed coup in 1923 and then jailed (time period of Mein
Kampf)
• Claimed they were stabbed in the back by the Treaty
of Versailles
 Jews and Communist conspired against them
 People believed it due to extreme economic depression
 Promised to put everyone back to work and remilitarize
 Set up the Third Reich
 Racial breakdown as per Hitler
• Nordic -(blond, blue-eyed) Close to pure Aryan
• Germanic- (brown hair, blue-eyed, or less desirable,
•
•
•
•
•
•
brown-eyed) Predominantly Aryan
Mediterranean- (white but swarthy) Slight Aryan
preponderance
Slavic -(white but degenerative bone structure)
Close to Aryan, half-Ape
Oriental -Slight Ape preponderance
Black African -Predominantly Ape
Jewish- (fiendish skull) Close to pure Ape
By the way, what did Hitler look like??
 Hitler
killed Jews and:
• Gypsies
• Homosexuals (pink triangles)
• Mentally handicapped
• Physically handicapped
• Religious leaders who refused to accept the Nazi
cult
 Did
not join the war until Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941.
• Japanese needed natural resources which helped
lead to Asian expansion
• Japanese tried to wipe out Pacific fleet since US
stopped selling them oil
 Joined the British on Western Front
• Major aid to British
 Major European battles
• Invasion of Normandy (D-day)
• Battle of the Bulge (German last ditch effort)
 Pacific
Battles
• Battle of the Coral Sea & Battle of Midway (major
naval/air battles). Midway in June 1942 broke
the back of Japanese navy / naval air power.
• Iwo Jima (Marines/Island hopping strategy)
• Pres. Truman decision to drop Atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki end war Sept. 1945
 Originally
signed a non-aggression pact
with Germany
• Not ready for war but expected to be betrayed
• Still caught off guard by German invasion
• At first, Germany successful
 SU
Used large population and territory to its
advantage
• Germany invaded too close to winter
 Battle
of Moscow and Stalingrad (broke
back of German Army in East)
 Were the ones to encircle the final German
stronghold
 Germany
surrendered two weeks after
Hitler killed himself. Soviet Union took
Berlin.
 Japan surrendered Sept. 2, 1945 shortly after
the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
August.
 United Nations was formed
• More effective than League of Nations
• Headquarters in NY, NY
 Germany
divided up into spheres of
influence by Allies
• Berlin then subdivided
 Tehran Conference of 1944
• Allied forces met to discuss how to defeat Hitler
 France was focus
 Soviet Union allowed to take over Eastern Europe
 Yalta Conference 1945
• Roosevelt gave Stalin Manchuria and parts of Japan
in exchange for help defeating Japan
 Potsdam July 1945
• Final conference
• Confirmed Soviet control of Eastern Europe
• US occupies Japan and colonies returned
• US and Soviet Union divides Korea (North and South)
 Allies
allowed Soviet Union to gain too
much power so that they could stop
Germany/Japan (hindsight 20/20)
 Try to limit power which results in the
Cold War
 Hitler’s
Final Solution
• About 6 million Jews were killed
• Brought to light to the persecution of the Jews
• The Jews pushed for their own homeland
 Israel
became a state on May 14, 1948
• Arabs were unhappy
• Suffered numerous invasions in the first year
 Ended up increasing territory
 Atlantic
Charter of 1941
• US pressured Britain to sign
• All people have the right to choose their government
 India
• Quit India movement
 Summer of 1942
 Mass civil disobedience
• Muslim League
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah
 Gained favor for movement by supporting Brits
• Britain withdrew in 1947
 Resulted in rioting and violence
 African
Colonizers humiliated by Nazis
 Forced labor and supplying military
greatly angered colonies
 British Gold Coast
• Kwamee Nkrumah
 Established Convention People’s Party
 Boycotts, strikes and rallies
 Ghana 1957
 Kenya
• Land Freedom Army
 Violently fought British in 1950’s
 British allow Jomo Kenyatta to form Kenya in 1963
 Algeria
• National Liberation Front
• Fought French (angry over Vietnam)
• Huge drain to France
• Secret Army Organization- guerilla warfare
• French 4th Republic collapses- Forced to pull out
• Settlers and French sympathizers flee to France
 South
Africa
• Large white population
• Afrikaners set up laws to segregate colony
 Apartheid
• Britain felt bad about the Boer War and gave
Independence to South Africa
 WWII
left unresolved problems
 Cold War/ Arms race resulted