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Chapter 5 The Human Body FGTC 2010 EMT-I Introduction • Anatomy – The study of structures and components of an organism • Physiology – The study of the body functions of a living organism • Pathophysiology – The study of the body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Structure of the Human Body (1 of 3) • Cells – Most basic component of an organism • Tissues – A group of similar cells working together to perform a common function • Organs – Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Structure of the Human Body (2 of 3) • Organ systems – Groups of organs that work together – May be located together or apart – Combined, they form an organism – Carry out vital functions FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Structure of the Human Body (3 of 3) • Organ systems include: – Musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive, immune, endocrine, lymphatic, integumentary, and special sensory • Homeostasis – Balanced internal environment – System of checks and balances FGTC 2010 EMT-I Anatomic Terminology (1 of 3) • Anatomic terminology – Landmarks for guides of internal structures • The anatomic position – Universal position from which all body positions and movements are described • Anatomic planes – Flat surfaces that pass through the body FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Anatomic Position FGTC 2010 EMT-I Anatomic Terminology (2 of 3) • Frontal plane – Anterior and posterior • Transverse plane – Cranial and cephalad • Median plane – Medial and lateral • Sagittal plane FGTC 2010 EMT-I • • • • Proximal and distal Midline Midaxillary line Midclavicular line The Midclavicular Line FGTC 2010 EMT-I Movements and Positions (1 of 2) • Movements – From simple to complicated, movements can be broken down into a series of components and described with specific terms • Range of Motion (ROM) – Full distance that a joint can be moved – Flexion • Moving a distal part of an extremity toward the trunk FGTC 2010 EMT-I Movements and Positions (2 of 2) • ROM – Extension – “Hyper” • Supination and pronation • Internal and external rotation • Abduction and adduction FGTC 2010 EMT-I Anatomic Terminology (3 of 3) • Directional Terms – Right and left – Superior and inferior – Superficial and deep – Ventral and dorsal – Palmar and plantar – Apex FGTC 2010 EMT-I • Other Directional Terms – Bilateral – Contralateral – Ipsilateral Abdominal Quadrants • Abdomen – Two imaginary lines divide this area into four parts – Inferior tip of sternum to the genital area; iliac crest across the umbilicus – Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant – Each quadrant contains specific organs FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Four Quadrants of the Abdomen FGTC 2010 EMT-I Anatomic Positions (1 of 4) • Prone – face down • Supine – face up • Lateral recumbent – lying on left side FGTC 2010 EMT-I Anatomic Positions (2 of 4) • Fowler’s position and semi-Fowler’s position – Sitting upright at a 90° angle – Sitting upright at a 45° angle FGTC 2010 EMT-I Anatomic Positions (3 of 4) • Trendelenburg’s position – Supine with the head down and lower extremities elevated approximately 12” – Helps increase blood flow to the brain FGTC 2010 EMT-I Anatomic Positions (4 of 4) • Shock position – Also called modified Trendelenburg’s position – Head and torso are supine – Lower extremities elevated 6-12” FGTC 2010 EMT-I Skeletal System FGTC 2010 EMT-I Bones: Their Growth and Organization (1 of 2) • Bones – Specialized form of connective tissue – Protect internal organs – Storage site for minerals – Consist of collagen and hydroxyapatite – Living substances that require blood supply – Terms: • Osteoblasts, osteocyte, osteoclasts, lamellae, lacuna, canaliculi FGTC 2010 EMT-I Bones: Their Growth and Organization (2 of 2) • Bones – Classified according to shape • Long, short, and flat – Long bones • Consist of diaphysis, epiphyses, and physis – Two main types: • Compact and cancellous – Growth • Appositional and endochondral FGTC 2010 EMT-I Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments • Cartilage – All are connective tissues – Synovial fluid • Tendons – Periosteum – Connects muscle to bone • Ligaments – Tough, white bands of tissue – Connect bone to bone FGTC 2010 EMT-I Joints • Joints – When two bones contact – Consist of ends of bones and connective and supporting tissue – Named by combining names of the two bones • Joint capsule • ROM – Determined by extent ligaments hold together FGTC 2010 EMT-I Skeletal System • Axial skeleton – Forms the upright part of the body – Consists of: • Hyoid, skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum • Appendicular skeleton – Attached to the axis as appendages – Consists of: • Shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower extremities FGTC 2010 EMT-I Skeletal System FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Skull (1 of 3) • Skull – Consists of 28 bones in three anatomic groups: auditory ossicles, cranium, and face – Cranial vault • Encases, protects the brain • Parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones • Foramen magnum FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Skull (2 of 3) • Sutures – Sagittal suture – Coronal suture – Lambdoid suture • Fontanels FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Skull (3 of 3) • • • • • Mastoid process External auditory meatus Ossicles Styloid process Facial nerve FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Floor of the Cranial Vault • Cranial vault – Divided into three compartments: • Anterior fossa, middle fossa, and posterior fossa – Structures of note: • • • • • • Crista galli Cribiform plate Foramina Olfactory bulb Nasal cavity Sella turcica FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Base of the Skull • Base of the skull – Complex and full of foramina • Structures of note: – Occipital condyles – Palatine bone – Zygomatic arch FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Facial Bones • Facial bones – Frontal and ethmoid bones part of the cranial vault and the face – Composed of 14 bones – Include: • Maxillae, mandible, zygoma, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, and inferior nasal concha bones – Protect the eyes, nose, and tongue and provide attachment points for muscles involved in mastication FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Facial Bones FGTC 2010 EMT-I Bones of the Orbit • Orbits – Cone-shaped fossae – Enclose and protect the eyes – Contain blood vessels, nerves, and fat – Created by the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine bones – Blow to the eye can result in fracture of the orbit floor (blowout fracture) FGTC 2010 EMT-I Bones of the Nose • Nasal bones – Composed of several portions of the facial bones • Structures of note: – Nasal septum – Paranasal sinuses FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Mandible and Temporomandibular Joint • Mandible – Large movable bone – Composed of the lower jaw and teeth • Structures of note: – Rami – Mandibular notch – Temporomandibular joint FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Hyoid Bone • Hyoid – “Floats” – Not actually part of the skull – Supports the tongue and serves as a point of attachment for neck and tongue muscles FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Neck (2 of 2) • More structures of note: – Carotid arteries – Internal jugular veins – Sternocleidomastoid muscles – Sternum – Spines of the cervical vertebrae • Most prominent is C7 FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Neck (1 of 2) • Neck – Contains several important structures • C1-C7 • Upper portion of the trachea and esophagus – Useful landmarks • • • • Adam’s apple (upper part of the thyroid cartilage) Cricoid cartilage Cricothyroid membrane Cartilaginous rings FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Spine (1 of 4) • Vertebral column – Cervical (7) – Thoracic (12) – Lumbar (5) – Sacrum (5) – Coccyx (4) FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Spine (2 of 4) • Atlas (C1) – Point at which the head rotates • Axis (C2) – Dens or odontoid process • Spinal cord – Extension of the brain – Carries messages between the body and brain – Exits skull through foramen magnum – Protected by the vertebrae FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Spine (3 of 4) • The vertebrae – Anterior portion consists of a solid block called “the body” – Posterior part called the “bony arch” – Series of arches form a tunnel that runs the length of the spine called the “spinal canal” which encases and protects the spinal cord – Vertebrae are connected by ligaments – Intervertebral discs FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Spine (4 of 4) FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Thorax (1 of 2) • Thorax – Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels – T1-T12 – Clavicle – Scapula – Diaphragm FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Thorax (2 of 2) • Anterior aspects – Sternum: • Manubrium, xiphoid process, angle of Louis – 12 pairs of ribs • Costal arch • Floating ribs • Posterior aspects – Costovertebral angle (junction of the spine and the tenth ribs) FGTC 2010 EMT-I Diaphragm/Organs and Vascular Structures • Diaphragm – Muscular dome – Separates thorax and abdomen – Involved in respiration – Anteriorly attaches to costal arch; posteriorly to lumbar vertebrae • Organs and vascular structures – Pulmonary artery – Anatomic landmarks FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Thorax FGTC 2010 EMT-I The Appendicular Skeleton (1 of 2) • Shoulder girdle – Attaches upper extremity to the body – Composed of scapula and clavicle • Shoulder joint – Acromion process – Ball and socket joint – Glenoid fossa – Motions include: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction FGTC 2010 EMT-I Anterior View of the Shoulder Girdle FGTC 2010 EMT-I Posterior View of the Shoulder Girdle FGTC 2010 EMT-I Anterior View of the Shoulder Joint FGTC 2010 EMT-I