Download Chapter 5 The Human Body

Chapter 5
The Human Body
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Introduction
• Anatomy
– The study of structures and components of an
organism
• Physiology
– The study of the body functions of a living
organism
• Pathophysiology
– The study of the body functions of a living
organism in an abnormal state
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Structure of the Human Body (1
of 3)
• Cells
– Most basic component of an organism
• Tissues
– A group of similar cells working together to
perform a common function
• Organs
– Different types of tissues working together to
perform a particular function
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Structure of the Human Body (2
of 3)
• Organ systems
– Groups of organs that work together
– May be located together or apart
– Combined, they form an organism
– Carry out vital functions
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Structure of the Human Body (3
of 3)
• Organ systems include:
– Musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, nervous,
gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive, immune,
endocrine, lymphatic, integumentary, and special
sensory
• Homeostasis
– Balanced internal environment
– System of checks and balances
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Anatomic Terminology (1 of 3)
• Anatomic terminology
– Landmarks for guides of internal structures
• The anatomic position
– Universal position from which all body positions
and movements are described
• Anatomic planes
– Flat surfaces that pass through the body
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Anatomic Position
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Anatomic Terminology (2 of 3)
• Frontal plane
– Anterior and posterior
• Transverse plane
– Cranial and cephalad
• Median plane
– Medial and lateral
• Sagittal plane
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
•
•
•
•
Proximal and distal
Midline
Midaxillary line
Midclavicular line
The Midclavicular Line
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Movements and Positions
(1 of 2)
• Movements
– From simple to complicated, movements can be
broken down into a series of components and
described with specific terms
• Range of Motion (ROM)
– Full distance that a joint can be moved
– Flexion
• Moving a distal part of an extremity toward the trunk
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Movements and Positions
(2 of 2)
• ROM
– Extension
– “Hyper”
• Supination and pronation
• Internal and external rotation
• Abduction and adduction
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Anatomic Terminology (3 of 3)
• Directional Terms
– Right and left
– Superior and inferior
– Superficial and deep
– Ventral and dorsal
– Palmar and plantar
– Apex
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
• Other Directional Terms
– Bilateral
– Contralateral
– Ipsilateral
Abdominal Quadrants
• Abdomen
– Two imaginary lines divide this area into four parts
– Inferior tip of sternum to the genital area; iliac
crest across the umbilicus
– Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right
lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
– Each quadrant contains specific organs
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Four Quadrants of the Abdomen
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Anatomic Positions (1 of 4)
• Prone – face down
• Supine – face up
• Lateral recumbent –
lying on left side
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Anatomic Positions (2 of 4)
• Fowler’s position and semi-Fowler’s position
– Sitting upright at a 90° angle
– Sitting upright at a 45° angle
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Anatomic Positions (3 of 4)
• Trendelenburg’s position
– Supine with the head down and lower extremities
elevated approximately 12”
– Helps increase blood flow to the brain
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Anatomic Positions (4 of 4)
• Shock position
– Also called modified Trendelenburg’s position
– Head and torso are supine
– Lower extremities elevated 6-12”
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Skeletal System
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Bones: Their Growth and Organization
(1 of 2)
• Bones
– Specialized form of connective tissue
– Protect internal organs
– Storage site for minerals
– Consist of collagen and hydroxyapatite
– Living substances that require blood supply
– Terms:
• Osteoblasts, osteocyte, osteoclasts, lamellae, lacuna,
canaliculi
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Bones: Their Growth and Organization
(2 of 2)
• Bones
– Classified according to shape
• Long, short, and flat
– Long bones
• Consist of diaphysis, epiphyses, and physis
– Two main types:
• Compact and cancellous
– Growth
• Appositional and endochondral
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments
• Cartilage
– All are connective tissues
– Synovial fluid
• Tendons
– Periosteum
– Connects muscle to bone
• Ligaments
– Tough, white bands of tissue
– Connect bone to bone
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Joints
• Joints
– When two bones contact
– Consist of ends of bones and connective and
supporting tissue
– Named by combining names of the two bones
• Joint capsule
• ROM
– Determined by extent ligaments hold together
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Skeletal System
• Axial skeleton
– Forms the upright part of the body
– Consists of:
• Hyoid, skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
• Appendicular skeleton
– Attached to the axis as appendages
– Consists of:
• Shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower
extremities
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Skeletal System
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Skull (1 of 3)
• Skull
– Consists of 28 bones in three anatomic groups:
auditory ossicles, cranium, and face
– Cranial vault
• Encases, protects the brain
• Parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and
ethmoid bones
• Foramen magnum
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Skull (2 of 3)
• Sutures
– Sagittal suture
– Coronal suture
– Lambdoid suture
• Fontanels
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Skull (3 of 3)
•
•
•
•
•
Mastoid process
External auditory meatus
Ossicles
Styloid process
Facial nerve
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Floor of the Cranial Vault
• Cranial vault
– Divided into three compartments:
• Anterior fossa, middle fossa,
and posterior fossa
– Structures of note:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Crista galli
Cribiform plate
Foramina
Olfactory bulb
Nasal cavity
Sella turcica
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Base of the Skull
• Base of the skull
– Complex and full of foramina
• Structures of note:
– Occipital condyles
– Palatine bone
– Zygomatic arch
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Facial Bones
• Facial bones
– Frontal and ethmoid bones part of the cranial
vault and the face
– Composed of 14 bones
– Include:
• Maxillae, mandible, zygoma, palatine, nasal, lacrimal,
vomer, and inferior nasal concha bones
– Protect the eyes, nose, and tongue and provide
attachment points for muscles involved in
mastication
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Facial Bones
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Bones of the Orbit
• Orbits
– Cone-shaped fossae
– Enclose and protect the eyes
– Contain blood vessels, nerves, and fat
– Created by the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic,
maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine bones
– Blow to the eye can result in fracture of the orbit
floor (blowout fracture)
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Bones of the Nose
• Nasal bones
– Composed of several
portions of the facial bones
• Structures of note:
– Nasal septum
– Paranasal sinuses
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Mandible and
Temporomandibular Joint
• Mandible
– Large movable bone
– Composed of the lower jaw and teeth
• Structures of note:
– Rami
– Mandibular notch
– Temporomandibular joint
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Hyoid Bone
• Hyoid
– “Floats”
– Not actually part of the skull
– Supports the tongue and serves as a point of
attachment for neck and tongue muscles
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Neck (2 of 2)
• More structures of
note:
– Carotid arteries
– Internal jugular veins
– Sternocleidomastoid
muscles
– Sternum
– Spines of the cervical
vertebrae
• Most prominent is C7
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Neck (1 of 2)
• Neck
– Contains several important structures
• C1-C7
• Upper portion of the trachea and esophagus
– Useful landmarks
•
•
•
•
Adam’s apple (upper part of the thyroid cartilage)
Cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid membrane
Cartilaginous rings
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Spine (1 of 4)
• Vertebral column
– Cervical (7)
– Thoracic (12)
– Lumbar (5)
– Sacrum (5)
– Coccyx (4)
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Spine (2 of 4)
• Atlas (C1)
– Point at which the head rotates
• Axis (C2)
– Dens or odontoid process
• Spinal cord
– Extension of the brain
– Carries messages between the body and brain
– Exits skull through foramen magnum
– Protected by the vertebrae
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Spine (3 of 4)
• The vertebrae
– Anterior portion consists of a solid block called
“the body”
– Posterior part called the “bony arch”
– Series of arches form a tunnel that runs the length
of the spine called the “spinal canal” which
encases and protects the spinal cord
– Vertebrae are connected by ligaments
– Intervertebral discs
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Spine (4 of 4)
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Thorax (1 of 2)
• Thorax
– Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and
great vessels
– T1-T12
– Clavicle
– Scapula
– Diaphragm
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Thorax (2 of 2)
• Anterior aspects
– Sternum:
• Manubrium, xiphoid process, angle of Louis
– 12 pairs of ribs
• Costal arch
• Floating ribs
• Posterior aspects
– Costovertebral angle (junction of the spine and
the tenth ribs)
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Diaphragm/Organs and Vascular
Structures
• Diaphragm
– Muscular dome
– Separates thorax and abdomen
– Involved in respiration
– Anteriorly attaches to costal arch; posteriorly to
lumbar vertebrae
• Organs and vascular structures
– Pulmonary artery
– Anatomic landmarks
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Thorax
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
The Appendicular Skeleton
(1 of 2)
• Shoulder girdle
– Attaches upper extremity to the body
– Composed of scapula and clavicle
• Shoulder joint
– Acromion process
– Ball and socket joint
– Glenoid fossa
– Motions include: flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, rotation, and circumduction
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Anterior View of the
Shoulder Girdle
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Posterior View of the
Shoulder Girdle
FGTC 2010 EMT-I
Anterior View of the
Shoulder Joint
FGTC 2010 EMT-I