Download Senior Learners - Senior-Learners

Dr Noel Cass – Lancaster University
[email protected]
Liz Horn – LESS
[email protected]
STRUCTURE OF TALK
• “The challenge”
• Gaming for good
• Game ideas – slides from our presentation to Catalyst
when proposing the project
• Theory:
Behaviour Change
Cultural Theory
Practice Theory
• ‘Proof of concept’ – what we are doing, where we are
at
• Participation activity: Q-sort
THE CHALLENGE
(from our pitch to Catalyst: CITIZENS TRANSFORMING SOCIETY:
TOOLS FOR CHANGE!) http://www.catalystproject.org.uk/
Developed economies, with just 20% of the world population, are responsible for
almost 80% of the life-cycle impacts of consumption. The challenge for developed
economies is therefore, to do more with less. [Tucker et al, 2008]
[Annie Leonard, The Story of Stuff]
Pathological consumption has become so
normalised that we scarcely notice it.
George Monbiot
Children growing up in the UK are the
most pressured, unhappy and
commercially vulnerable in the western
world.
Unicef 2011
GAMING FOR GOOD
When we are playing games, we are
tapping into our best qualities, our ability to
be motivated, to be optimistic, to
collaborate with others, to be resilient in
the face of failure.
Dr Jane McGonigal , Institute for the Future
Urgent
Optimism
Social
Fabric
Blissful
Productivity
Epic
Meaning
= Super-Empowered Hopeful Individuals
LESS IS MORE – GAME IDEAS
•
Create a cross-platform game that crosses the digital - real world barrier to create
communal sustainable action.
•
Players will co-design, curate and moderate the game by setting sustainable
challenges and providing rewards.
•
Mixture of individual and group activities & rewards to test what motivates
different people to act.
•
Rewards in-line with sustainable ethos of the game – leaderboards, PBs, real-life
community rewards e.g. Freeshop or Swap Shop items, BARTER points.
=
CITIZEN LED RESEARCH
THE G AME TAPS INTO A
NUMBER OF ACADEMIC AREAS
Fun Theory….
How to successfully
motivate proenvironmental
behaviour?
Behaviour Change…..
Cultural Theory…
Game-ification…
How do end-users shape the
meaning and development of
innovative technologies?
Social Practice
Theory….
Jeongwon Ji’s electronic designs made of
Chinese mitten crab bioplastic
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
For many years, attempts to convince people to change
behaviour (for environmental reasons) have been
based on providing information, particularly on costs
and impacts of behaviours.
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
For many years, attempts to convince people to change
behaviour (for enfironmental reasons) have been
based on providing information, particularly on costs
and impacts of behaviours.
“What are the key behaviours central to addressing climate change?
a) What is the abatement potential of these behavioural changes
individually and collectively?
b) What are the key drivers / mechanisms / levers / determinants of
behavioural change?
c) What do we know about the costs and effectiveness of these levers
and initiatives?” (Scottish Government Climate Change Behaviours
Research Programme)
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
For many years, attempts to convince people to change
behaviour (for environmental reasons) have been
based on providing information, particularly on costs
and impacts of behaviours.
“What are the key behaviours central to addressing climate change?
a) What is the abatement potential of these behavioural changes
individually and collectively?
b) What are the key drivers / mechanisms / levers / determinants of
behavioural change?
c) What do we know about the costs and effectiveness of these levers
and initiatives?” (Scottish Government Climate Change Behaviours
Research Programme)
Seems to make sense! BUT
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
This is based in behaviourist models of action,
which assume that:
• People do things as individuals;
• What people do can be broken down into discrete units –
behaviours;
• Each discrete form of behaviour is decided upon consciously and
rationally;
• These decisions are based on weighing up information;
• Individuals are ‘utility maximisers’;
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
This is based in behaviourist models of action,
which assume that:
• People do things as individuals;
• What people do can be broken down into discrete units –
behaviours;
• Each discrete form of behaviour is decided upon consciously and
rationally (link to ‘rational choice’ model)
• These decisions are based on weighing up information;
• Individuals are ‘utility maximisers’;
Of course, the (mostly psychological) models of why
people do or do not behave in an ‘environmentally
friendly’ way have developed over the years....
Here are a few examples of these models
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
“the identified factors do not sufficiently
explain pro-environmental behavior [...] There
seem to be many more factors that infl
uence
pro-environmental behavior. Hines et al.
(1986–87) called these ‘situational factors’
which include economic constraints, social
pressures, and opportunities to choose
different actions.” Kollmuss and Agyeman
(2002: 24)
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
CULTURAL THEORY
Based on Mary Douglas’ anthropological work and
developed by others to refer to ‘Us’:
Two dimensions of social relations (solidarity and
stratification, group and grid) give rise to four ways
of life or cultural worldviews :
“A “high group” way of life exhibits a high degree of
collective control, whereas a “low group” one
exhibits a much lower one and a resulting
emphasis on individual self-sufficiency. A “high
grid” way of life is characterized by conspicuous
and durable forms of stratification in roles and
authority, whereas a “low grid” one reflects a more
egalitarian ordering
CULTURAL THEORY
Based on Mary Douglas’ anthropological work and
developed by others to refer to ‘Us’: :
Two dimensions of social relations (solidarity and
stratification, group and grid) give rise to four ways
of life or cultural worldviews:
Individualism (low group, high grid)
Hierarchism (high group, high grid)
Egalitarianism (high group, low grid)
Fatalism (low group, low grid)
CULTURAL THEORY
Based on Mary Douglas’ anthropological work and
developed by others to refer to ‘Us’: :
Two dimensions of social relations (solidarity and
stratification, group and grid) give rise to four ways
of life or cultural worldviews:
Individualism (low group, high grid)
Hierarchism (high group, high grid)
Egalitarianism (high group, low grid)
Fatalism (low group, low grid)
...each has its own ideals, model of (human) nature,
ideas about blame, responsibility and so on.
CULTURAL THEORY
(see also Max Weber’s three types of rationality:
bureaucracy, market, and religious charisma)
CULTURAL THEORY
Applied to energy policy (“Among the energy tribes”),
and environmentalism in America (“Risk and
Culture : An Essay on the Selection of Technical
and Environmental Dangers”), the theory was
rejected by some because it was seen as
dismissing environmentalism as irrational cultism!
It was also seen as reductive/simplistic, functionalist,
and deterministic – it fails to deal very well with
individual choice and agency.
The ways of life define themselves against each other
and compete – ‘dialogue of the deaf’...
“Here is a dispute between two who
will never agree. No new facts will
change the opinions of the
pioneering individualist who
cheerily asserts that all will be
well, or those of the holy man who
warns him of terrible dangers to
be unleashed if he continues in
his ways. Whatever information is
tendered, their differences are
irreconcilable. Current political
contests between Christianity and
Islam are in this class, so are the
debates about global warming.
For such important issues each
side devotes large funds to
research for new facts about the
alleged dangers, but no new facts
will resolve the issues.”
PRACTICE THEORY
“ O L D B E H AV I O U R PAT T E R N S ”
In a nutshell, practice theory says that people do what they
do because....it’s what (other) people do!
Similar to Giddens (structuration theory), neither individual
freedom (‘agency’) nor the system, norms, rules, or
psychological factors (‘structure’) fully explain the things
people do that make up society and everyday life (‘social
practices’).
People learn what to do, consider it the norm, and often ‘go
with the flow’ – learning a new habit/practice takes effort,
conscious decision, but above all practice.
People can and do change – and so does ‘the done thing’,
but it changes slowly, or suddenly, and often
unpredictably!
PRACTICE THEORY
PRACTICES ARE MADE OF LINKED ELEMENTS
Competence: Know-how, muscle memory, learned
skills, tacit knowledge, internalised ‘rules of the
game’
Meanings: Mutually understood, exist across
practices, ‘image’, discourses in society, ‘logics’
Materials: Gadgets, pieces of kit, infrastructures,
clothing, resources
PRACTICE THEORY
PRACTICES ARE MADE OF LINKED ELEMENTS
Competence: Know-how, muscle memory, learned
skills, tacit knowledge, internalised ‘rules of the
game’
Meanings: Mutually understood, exist across
practices, ‘image’, discourses in society, ‘logics’
Materials: Gadgets, pieces of kit, infrastructures,
clothing, resources
... they are linked to other practices, the links between
them can join and break, change in one leads to
change in others, they evolve and sometimes erupt
(SMS)
“PROOF OF CONCEPT” – LESS IS MORE
• FOCUS GROUPS
With LMC students & Senior Learners
Group at Lancaster University.
• CREATIVE GATHERING
Picking brains of local artists,
designers, doers, illustrators, hackers,
gamers, innovators & dreamers.
Join us!
• PARTICIPATORY DESIGN WORKSHOP
To creatively explore design ideas for the game. What is possible?
• Q-SORT ACTIVITY
To identify clusters of attitudes towards pro-environmental behaviours.
• ONLINE SURVEY
To collect public views on our ideas about the game and how people might be
engaged through it to take action.
WEEK OF CHALLENGES 10TH-17TH FEB 2014
www.lessismoregame.org
MONDAY:
Ready, Steady, ThermoSET
This is a really quick & easy one to kick you off. Turn your thermostat down by at least 1
degree, preferably to around 18 degrees, and reduce how long your heating is on for by an
hour a day. You need to send us proof (photos, video, tweet etc) by 12midnight 10th February
to get points, but this is a long term habit to adopt.
Mending Bee (11am - 4pm), Skerton, Lancaster
Bring along anything that you’ve got sitting around that needs mending and we'll work
together to try to fix it. Get in touch for venue details. And don't worry if you can't make it you
can still take the Mend It, Fix It challenge.
Film Screening: 'Just Do It a Tale of Modern Outlaws' (8pm, Upstairs at The Borough)
A look behind the scenes at the activities and tactics of direct action groups Climate Camp
and Plane Stupid. The film will be followed by a discussion on environmental direct action.
Week Long Challenges starting today
NO Supermarket Sweep
Can you go a week without buying anything from a supermarket? This is your chance to
support local shops in Lancaster & Morecambe.
There are lots more challenges on the www.lessismoregame.org website including the
Journey Switch, Team Grot Spot& Sustainable Supper challenges that you can do any time
this week.”
•
INTERVIEWS
To get feedback following the trial of the game.
We are looking for people to join in with most of these activities, and
particularly with the research activities. To join in with the project, to
help us research, or to take part in the game challenge testing, join up
at:
Website: www.lessismoregame.org
Facebook: “Less Is More Game” page
Twitter: @LessMoreGame
Or email us:
[email protected]
[email protected]
Q-SORT
Rules for doing a Q sort
1. Take the set of statement cards and do a first sort: place the statement
cards into three piles with the ones you agree with the least on the left,
the ones you agree with the most on the right, and the rest in between.
2. Now use the mat to sort through these piles, comparing the statements
to each other to fine-tune whether you agree with each more or less
than the next. Place the cards onto the mat using the spaces marked in
a triangle shape, one card per space, until you have sorted through all of
the cards in the piles.
3. Have a final check over the statements and rearrange or swap any that
you want to.
4. When you are satisfied with the sort, turn over the cards, and record
your sort by writing the numbers of the cards in each column in the
relevant columns of the “Sort result” sheet. Add your details if you are
happy to do so.
5. Arrange for the result sheet to be collected by the researchers!