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Ancient Greece & Rome World History - Unit 3.2 Timeline of Empires Ancient Greece : 8th-6th Century BCE Ancient Rome: 44BCE-1453C.E. Ancient Greece Ancient Greece Geography • Climate in this region made living easier • Mediterranean Sea promoted trade • No real unity b/c citystates cut off from one another by mountains or water • People became skilled sailors & carried caravels (ships) of olive oil, wine, and marble Ancient Greece Government • Changed gov’t many times: monarchy, oligarchy, aristocracy (do you remember these?) • City-states were called a polis - polis made up a city & its countryside • On top of the hill was the acropolis (high city w/ temples dedicated to the gods/goddesses) • Once the city states united, direct democracy evolved in Athens – – – – Rule by the people Had courts and juries Elected council or consul Debated & voted on laws (*only free males were citizens who could vote) Ancient Greece Common Culture • Polytheistic • Believed that gods lived on Mount Olympus • Zeus= most important god -Other gods include: Aphrodite, Ares, Athena • Gods were honored with feasts, performances, & athletic competitions • Language: Greek Factors that brought Greeks together, and kept them apart • Common Language, religion, & festivals • Rugged mountains separating the valleys • Co-operative supervision of certain temples • Rivalries between city-states • separate legal systems • Belief that the Greeks were descended from the same ancestors • independent calendars, money, weights & measures • Fierce spirit of independence Ancient Greece 2 great city-states emerge • • • • • SPARTA A warrior society – trained from a child to become part of the military Gov’t - 2 kings, council of elders, assembly ran daily affairs Women needed to produce strong boys Isolated “Spartans are willing to die for their city, because they have no reason to live” ATHENS • Gov’t – from monarchy to aristocracy • Lower classes demanded change and as a result Athens moved towards democracy (1st in the world) • Legislature – lawmaking body (all men were expected to participate) • Boys attended schools to learn to read, write, study music, poetry, and public speaking (so they could be in the legislature) Ancient Greece Contributions to the World • Philosophy -brought back 1000s yrs. later w/ the Enlightenment & reason) thinkers (logic • Developed skills like rhetoric (art of speaking) – Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle question tradition • Architecture (columns) • Literature (books: the Iliad, the Odyssey • Comedies, dramas & tragedies • First to start recording events aka writing history (Persian War) • Olympics Greek Philosophers: based on logic Socrates Aristotle -Know thyself! -question everything to seek truth & selfknowledge - “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation] Plato -His book: The Republic -set up a school called The Academy -rational thought would bring understanding of Ethical values, perfect beauty, & society ATHENS Golden Age Today Classical Greek architecture COLUMN- style Do you know any famous U.S. buildings that use columns? Downfall of Greece -400s B.C.: wars fought w/ Persia (empire in SW Asia) & Sparta (rival Greek city-state) -338 B.C. Macedonia (kingdom to the north) conquered Greece -Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Greece, Persia, and part of India -During his rule he spread Greek culture (cultural diffusion) throughout the lands he conquered