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Chapter 4: “Walk Like An Egyptian”
3100 B.C. – 671 B.C.
The Nile
• Longest river in the world
• Flows north
– Central Africa to Med. Sea
• Most Ancient Egyptians
lived in the area
• Flooded every July
– Rich soil used for growing crops
– Used irrigation system
• SHADOOF used to control water
Old Kingdom
• Narmer – 3100 B.C. – King
of Upper/Lower Egypt
• 2600 B.C.
– Cities centers of religion &
government
– Most people lived on large
estates on Nile River
RICH
• Wood or mud bricks
• Elegant homes w/
paintings
POOR
• Sun or mud brick
• Palm leaves for roofs
• Most were farmers
Daily Life
• Family Life
– Treasured children
– Women & men almost equal
– Boys learned trade from father &
girls learned to work around
house w/ mother
– Marriage usually took place
around 12-yrs-old
• Food and Cooking
– Done in clay ovens
– Drink: beer, milk, wine, water
– Food: bread, vegetables and
dried fish
• Clothing
– Made of linens
– Men: short skirt
(kilt)
– Women: Straight
fitting dress w/
straps
– Kings would wear
decorated sandals
• Jewelry
–
–
–
–
Everyone wore
Rich: gold & silver
Poor: copper & quartz
Rings worn to ward off
evil spirits
Leisure
• Fishing, hunting, fowling, swimming,
boat games
• Extravagant parties
• Loved dance & music: harp, lyre,
flute
• Religious plays
• Cats, dogs and exotic animals as
pets
• Games
– Used balls, racing and rough
competitions
– Wooden boats and animals
– Board games
How to Play Senet
1. Throw the sticks to see how many squares to move
your piece forward.
2. If you throw a one, four, or six, you get an extra turn.
3. You can't land on one of your own pieces.
4. If you land on the other player's piece, you switch
places with them. However, you can't switch with them if
they have two or more pieces in a row.
5. If the other player has three or more pieces in a row,
you can't pass them.
6. Some squares are ‘safe' squares and some are ‘danger'
squares. You will learn what they are as you play.
7. The first player to get all of their pieces off the board
wins the game.
Pharaoh: “Great House”
• Was a King/Priest/God and center of life
• Owned & controlled land
– Gave gifts of land to the rich
– Ordered repairs & building of granaries
(buildings for storing grain)
• Chose government officials & made laws
• Carried out rituals
Famous Pharaohs
Akhenaten
Cleopatra
Hatshepsut
Tutankhamen
Ramesses the
Great
Hatshepsut
• 1st Female Pharaoh
– 1473 - 1458 B.C.
• Rise to Power
– Married her ½ brother Tuthmosis II.
When he died, the throne passed
to his son Tuthmosis III. b/c he
was very young, Hatshepsut took
over. Years later, Hatshepsut
declared herself "king" and began
wearing the false beard and
garments of a pharaoh.
• Famous expedition to Punt
Cleopatra
• Last female pharaoh
– 51 to 30 B.C.
• Rise to Power
– Cleopatra came from the Greek Ptolemy family
that had ruled Egypt for 300 years. Cleopatra's
father died when she young. To continue the
dynasty she married her younger brother and
they began a joint rule; however, they hated
each other, and fighting broke out b/w them.
The great Roman general, Julius Caesar,
helped her take the throne.
• Quest for her son to be leader of both
Egypt & Rome
King Tut
• Ruled: 1333 -1324 B.C.
• "Living Image of Aten“ – Sun
God
• 8-years-old at start of his reign
• Didn’t do much during his reign
– Believed he may have had
advisors to help him: Ay &
Hermhab
• Died suddenly at age 18 or 19
• Howard Carter discovered his
tomb almost intact in Valley of
Kings
Tomb of King Tut
Was It Murder?
Religious Beliefs
• Believed in Gods – over 2,000
Hapi
Re
Osiris
“River God”
“Sun God”
“God of harvest
& eternal life”
• Believed souls of the dead went to the underworld
•1. Had to pass tests of good deeds
•2. Have your name written on a cartouche (name plate)
•3. Have your body preserved
•Embalming – preserving the body
•Believed soul could not live w/o body
Pyramids
Kuhfu & Sphinx
• Built to protect from floods, robbers and animals
– Also “place of ascension” = spirit could rise to stars
• Built on the west bank of river = House of Eternity
• Created using copper tools & ramps
• Made of granite & limestone bricks
• Took around 20 years and around 8,000 skilled workers to
build
Famous Pyramids
• Saqqara – 1st in 2650
– Built for pharaoh Djoser
– Step pyramid built with stone
tombs
• mastabas
• Pyramids of Giza
– Built for Sneferu’s
descendants
– King Khufu = largest
Egyptian pyramid
• 480 ft tall
• 2 million stones
The Sphinx
• Half-human and half-lion
• Guard the Pyramids
• Riddle: Which creature in the morning goes
on four feet, at noon on two, and in the
evening upon three?"
Death and the Afterlife
• Death was a brief interruption before afterlife
• Traveled the Nile on Ra’s boat to the Land of the Two Fields to
dwell forever authorized by Osiris
• Human body had 3 Spirits at Death
– 1. BA: returned to family during the day
– 2. KA: lived in the afterlife
– If something happened to the preserved body or if your name
was not written down, they could not go back to the body.
• You would disappear forever, no longer happy in your
afterlife
– Grave robbers not only stole someone's wealth, they
stole their chance to live happily ever after in the
Egyptian afterlife.
– 3. AKH: kind of ghost that rose to the stars
• Egyptians believed in the Book of the Dead
– Magical spells on text that would help them reach
the afterlife
• Grave Goods
– Items that people brought into their tombs for their
afterlife
•
•
•
•
•
•
Small Sculptures of jobs
Toys/Games
Food/Drink
Money/Gold
Clothing/Jewelry
Boats/Furniture/Statues
• Before judgment for the afterlife people
needed to be accepted based on the maat
– Notion of order and mortality
Maat
– 1. Had to pass tests of good deeds
• Weigh the heart against the feather of truth
• Thoth records the results
• Horus leads person to Osiris to learn his fate
– 2. Name written on a cartouche (name plate)
– 3. Body will be preserved
Mummification
•
1.
Way to preserve a body
Drain body fluids & covered
with salt called natron
2. Wrapped w/ long strips of
linen
3. Body placed in a
sarcophagus (coffin)
• Buried w/ grave goods
(personal belongings)
– Statues, jewelry, clothing,
toys, etc.
Middle Kingdom: 2300 – 1786 B.C.
• Pharaohs no longer built pyramids
• 1786 B.C.
– Egypt was invaded by Hyksos (people from W. Asia)
• Used weapons of bronze & iron & horse drawn chariots
• 1550 B.C.
– Egypt Prince Ahmose drove Hyksos out
New Kingdom
•
•
•
Egypt became richer & cities grew
Thutmose III took control of Syria & Palestine
Decline of Egypt
1. Struggle between priests & pharaohs over power
2. Pharaohs attempt to keep neighboring countries under
Egyptian control
3. $ spent on making weapons to fight other countries
•
•
1150 B.C.– Empire gone
671 B.C. – Taken over by Assyrians
Contributions
Rosetta Stone
Medicine
Papyrus & Ink
Major Contributions
Mathematics
Calendar
• Mathematics
– # system based on 10
– Fractions/whole #’s
– Geometry
• Calendar
– 3 seasons – 120 days each
– 5 special days for feasts of Gods
• Medicine
– 1st specialists in medicine
Rosetta Stone
• For 1400 years, no one knew how to
read hieroglyphics
• 1799 – French soldier found a black
slab of stone on the Nile
• Carved w/ 3 different scripts
– 1 hieroglyphics
– 1 demotic
– 1 Greek
• Allowed people to translate hieroglyphics
• Jean-François Champollion
– Unlocked mystery and published results
in 1822
Hieroglyphics
• Created around 3100 B.C.
• Means “sacred carved writing”
• Symbol was drawn to represent a certain sound
or syllable
– Symbols were written together to make a word
• Read from top to bottom or depending which
way the animal faces were turned
• No punctuation
• Vowels would be said using a consonant after
such as “ahhhh”
Phone
Phone sounds like F + long O + N.
You don't hear the P, H, or E.
F
YES!
O
N
NO!