Download Anatomy in a Nutshell

Anatomy in a Nutshell
A Review of Human Body Systems
-take notes accordingly-
nerve cell
Comparing Tissues
cardiac cell
bone cell
nerve tissue
cardiac tissue
bone tissue
Locomotion – Bones and Muscles
• Bones
– muscles attach to
bones via tendons
– two bones connecting
make a joint, which
are connected by
ligaments
– bones are living tissue
that contain marrow
• the marrow makes
red and white blood
cells
• Muscles
• Three types of
muscle tissue:
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
Skin
• Also known as the Integumentary System
– skin aids in body homeostasis
• temperature regulation
• protection against disease/bacteria
• UV rays can cause skin cells to mutate. This is
known as melanoma (skin cancer)
Digestion
• Digestion can be both
chemical and
mechanical.
• Epiglottis prevents food
from entering
respiratory system
• Accessory organs
provide digestive juices:
– liver/gall bladder – bile
– pancreas - insulin
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Anus
The goal of digestion is to
break down food so it’s
small enough to be used by
EVERY cell in your body for
cellular respiration.
Excretion
• Kidneys contain nephrons
that filter and clean the
blood.
• The filtered waste travels
down utreters and
collects in the urinary
bladder – we call the
waste urine.
• When the bladder is full,
the urine leaves through
the urethra.
• Respiration allows our
body to take in OXYGEN
needed for cellular
respiration.
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
• The oxygen enters the
blood steam by diffusion
out of the alveoli.
Breathing
Respiration
BLOOD IS:
Circulation
• When oxygen enters our blood
stream through breathing, our
HEART must pump that
oxygenated blood throughout
the body.
– Arteries – bring blood away from
heart
– Capillaries – allows for diffusion
of O2 to specific body cells
– Veins – bring blood back to heart
-Plasma
-RBCs
-WBCs
-Platelets
• Three lines of defense
– external barriers
– internal barriers (eater cells)
– specific defense (smart cells)
• B-cells and T-Cells
Phagocytosis
Immune
• Viral Infection
• has an antigen on it that
the host identifies as
foreign
• treated with
vaccines/previous
exposure
• Bacterial Infection
• can be treated with
antibiotics
• too much of an
antibiotic can cause
resistant bacteria
• Autosomatic – Involuntary:
like digestion
• Somatic – Voluntary:
Nervous
like muscle movement
• CNS – brain, spinal cord
• PNS – sensory and motor neurons
Nerve Circuit: sensory neurons  interneuron  motor neuron
• Brain
– Cerebrum: Higher Level
Thinking
– Medulla
Oblongata/Pons/Cerebellum:
Primitive Brain
synapse – the junction between nerve
cells where chemical or electrical signals
are sent.
Endocrine
• Glands secrete hormones that
help with body homeostasis.
– Endocrine – ductless, hormones
secreted in blood stream
– Exocrine – secreted by a duct
• These hormones are activated
by FEEDBACK MECHANISMS.
• Key Organs and their Hormones:
– Pancreas:Insulin
– Testes:Testosterone
– Ovary:Estrogen
Reproductive
• GAMETES = Sex Cells!
• All sex cells are made via meiosis, they contain half
the chromosome number (haploid).
Egg
Develops
in
Ovulation!
– egg = female gamete
– sperm = male gamete
The sperm will carry
either the X or Y
chromosome.
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• The sperm and the egg uniting is fertilization.
• Zygote  Blastula  Embryo  Fetus
• The fetus develops in the woman’s uterus.
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