Download 1. Animals need to exchange materials with their environment. This

AP Biology
Chapters 40-41 & 46 Human Anatomy & Physiology Worksheet
Directions: Using your textbook and any notes you have, complete the following questions on
a separate sheet of paper.
Chapter 40- Animal Form & Function
1. Animals need to exchange materials with their environment. This process occurs as substances
dissolved in an aqueous medium move across the plasma membrane of each cell. For each of the
following organisms, explain how this is possible:
amoeba
tapeworm
hydra
whale
2. Animal form and function reflect evolution. Function correlates with Structure. List the major
types of tissues and their function.
3. How are body plans influenced by the environment?
4. How do animals regulate their internal environments (i.e., homeostasis)? Give examples.
5. What is thermoregulation? Explain the difference between ectothermy and endothermy.
Digestion Chapter 41:
1. From chapter 41, list the 8 essential amino acids and examples of foods that they are in.
2. From chapter 41, look at the tables on Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in humans.
A. What does RDA mean?
B. What’s the difference between water soluble and fat soluble? Give some examples of
each.
C. In your opinion which vitamins and minerals seem to be the “most” important and with a
deficiency could cause serious problems?
D. Do you see any symptoms that you might have that could be remedied by eating foods
with that mineral or vitamin? If so, what?
3. What is an opportunistic feeder? An herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore?
4. What is the difference between a suspension feeder, a substrate feeder, deposit feeder, fluid
feeder, and bulk feeder? Give examples.
5. Discuss the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion and give examples.
6. Describe how hydra, earthworms, grasshoppers and birds digestive systems are similar and
dissimilar to human digestive systems.
7. Please draw and fill out the following chart:
Carbohydrate
Digestion
Protein Digestion
Nucleic Acid
Digestion
Fat Digestion
Oral Cavity,
pharynx,
esophagus
Stomach
Lumen of Small
Intestine
Epithelium of
Small Intestine
8. Describe how hormones help regulate digestion.
9. Discuss some structural adaptations of the digestive system that are associated with diet and
how symbiotic microorganisms help nourish many vertebrates.
10. Digestive enzymes are not constantly produced. Explain what the functions of gastrin, secretin
and cholecystokinin (CCK) are.
Animal Reproduction Chapter 46:
1. Distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction.
2. Which form of reproduction
a. Relies entirely on mitosis
b. Forms gametes
c. Results in offspring genetically identical to the parent
d. Produces a zygote
e. Occurs in budding
f. Is seen in parthenogenesis
3. Return to the list above and define the terms that are in italics
4. What advantage does sexual reproduction provide? In what type of environment would it be
favored?
5. For animals that are sessile (stationary), finding a mate presents a problem. What is one
solution to this problem?
6. What conditions are always required for external fertilization?
7. An AP Review Question (not covered in this chapter, but still important to know): Life on land
presents both plants and animals with problems related to moving sperm to egg. What plant
groups have swimming sperm and require water for fertilization?
8. Now, how have animal species solved the problem of moving sperm to egg in a dry
environment? And how have plants solved that same problem?
Concept 46.5 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates mammalian reproduction
In Chapter 45 you studied hormones, and now we are going to take a careful look at the hormones that
control reproduction. While many students find this topic difficult, it will enable you to have a college-level
understanding of human reproduction and therefore is important to master. Let’s attack it systematically.
9. In males the hypothalamus secretes ________________________, which causes the anterior
pituitary to produce two hormones, _____________________ and ______________________.
These are trophic hormones, and their target tissues are in the ovaries and testes. They will
regulate gametogenesis, as well as cause the production of ___________________________ in
the testes and _________________________________________________ in the ovaries. (All
blanks in this question should be filled with the name of a hormone.)
10. What is the role of FSH in males?
11. What is the role of LH in males?
12. What is menstruation?
The female reproduction cycle involves changes in the uterus, and events in the ovaries, so we will need
to look at both of these at once: the ovarian cycle and the menstrual (uterine) cycle. Since the control of
menstruation is under hormonal control, we will begin at the hypothalamus.
13. In females the hypothalamus secretes ________________________, which causes the anterior
pituitary to produce two hormones, _____________________ and ______________________.
These are trophic hormones. The target of FSH is the ovarian follicles, and as FSH levels increase,
follicles grow and oocytes mature.
14. FSH and LH get their names from events of the female reproductive cycle, but they also function
in males. How are their functions in females and males similar?
15. Sketch and label diagrams 46.14 and 46. 18. Compare and contrast the two feedback systems.