Download AP Biology Semester 1 Review Topics

AP Biology Review Topics – Semester 1
Cellular Biology









Homeostasis
Differences and advantages between prokaryote, eukaryote, plant and animal cells
Surface area to volume ratio
Endosymbiosis
monomers and polymers of organic compounds (know common examples)
structures of organic compound
DNA to Protein structures
o Watson and Crick model
o Chargaff
o nucleic acid structure
Organelles and their functions
o ribosomes
o mitochondria
o centrioles
o nucleus
Properties of water
Cell Transport





diffusion – characteristics, factors affecting rates (conc., temp., size)
Review Diffusion and Osmosis Lab
osmosis – 3 solutions
active vs. passive transport
endo- and exocytosis
Cell Energy



photosynthesis – basic structure and process
cellular respiration
o strategies of different organisms to meet energy requirements
o glucose, glycogen, starch, fats, ATP
o stages
o final electron acceptor
o aerobic vs. anaerobic
o energy transfer
o review cell respiration lab
enzymes
o what happens to enzymes under various conditions
o review Enzyme Lab
o –ase, -ose, -cyte, -bast  know meaning of suffixes
o how they work, denaturing
o inhibition: competitive, noncompetitive, etc.
o
o
o
o
negative feedback
substrate concentrations
gene control of production
go over enzyme lab
Cell Communication and Cell Cycle
o
o
o
o
o
types: local and distant
transduction pathway
ligands
chemical vs. electrical
cell division phases (mitosis)
Sensory Receptors


Eye
o structures: optic nerve, cornea, blindspot, etc.
Ear
o structures involved in equilibrium
o structures involved in hearing
Nervous








Functions of:
o medulla
o pons
o cerebellum- coordinates muscle activity
o cerebrum
 gyri, sulci, fissures
 other locations (sensory/motor)
o diencephalon
 function(s) of the hypothalamus
Structure of neuron
Nerve characteristics
o Characteristics of axons
o synapse (effect of practice)
o mylenation (process, composition)
Helmholtz Theory
o nerve impulse
o salutatory conduction
CNS vs PNS (components)
Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic (see chart)
components of a reflex arc
Neurotransmitters
Muscles

Structures





o sarcoplasmic reticulum
o T tubules
Type: striated, smooth, cardiac (examples, locations)
contractions
o calcium
o refractory period
o all or none law (muscle fiber)
o myosin, actin
Huxley hypothesis (muscle contraction)
neuromuscular junction
o acetylcholine
o motor unit components
conditions
o oxygen debt
o condition that causes tetanus
o lactic acid
Digestive System





Digestive system and tract
Pathway
Goblet (mucous), chief, parietal cells
villi
enzymes and hormones
o amylase, lipase, pepsin, etc.
o secretin
o CCK
o bile
Circulation and Gas Exchange











Comparison of animal circulatory systems
Pathway of blood through heart and major systems
Oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood
Components of blood
Anatomy of heart
Electrical physiology of the heart (events of the heartbeat)
Measurements of blood pressure
Characteristics of blood vessels
Process of blood clotting
Relationship between pH and CO2
Lung
o Pathway
o Effects on respiration rate
o Alveoli and function
Excretion and Osmoregulation




Excretion of nitrogenous waste by various organisms
Nephron Structure
o glomerulus
o Bowman’s capsule
o Tubules
ADH
Production of Urine
Endocrine







Characteristics
Major glands, location, and hormones they secrete
Target glands or organs
Effects of hormones on the body
Tropic hormones and their effects
Examples of positive and negative feedback systems
Diseases caused by deficiencies