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Ms. Edwards (Life Science) Unit 12 Immune System Study Guide 1 A Little History __________________, surgery was very risky. ___________________ ____________________________________________ People didn’t know that microorganisms existed. __________________- 1860s- surgeon who _____________________ before surgery and ________________________ with bandages. __________________________________________________ ___________________________- 1860s- ________________________________ to kill microorganisms. Robert Koch- proved that _______________________________________________________________. Infectious Disease Pathogen- ___________________________________ Infectious disease- ____________________________________________ (pathogen gets inside body). Pathogens damage ___________________________ 4 classes of pathogens: ___________________________________________ Bacteria __________________________________________ Cause ear infections, ______________________, food poisoning, etc. Some bacteria damage cells directly, others release toxins. __________________________________________________________. Viruses Ex. Tetanus (lockjaw) Much _______________________ than bacteria. ___________________________________! They cannot reproduce unless they are in a living cell. Ex: _____________ and _______________ Not treated with _____ _________________________ Fungi Grow best in ______________________________. Ex: ________________________________ Protists Malaria- _________________________________, common in tropical areas, ____________________________________________ Amebic Dysentery- spread through ___________________________________ African Sleeping Sickness- spread by tsetse flies. ________________________________________________ How Disease Spreads • __________________________________- hugging, kissing, shaking hands, drinking, sneezing, coughing. • _____________________________- live in soil and spread through unclean food or water. • ____________________________- microorganisms live on surfaces (cold and flu spread this way). • _______________________________- Animals/insects bite people and spread disease (Lyme Disease from ticks, Malaria from mosquitoes). The Body’s Defenses • Lines of defense: _____________________________________________ Trap most of the pathogens we come in contact with. • 2 Skin- _________________________ kill pathogens. They also _________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________ • Breathing Passages- ___________________________________ get rid of pathogens. • Mouth and Stomach- _____________________________ acid kill pathogens. The Inflammatory Response • Inflammatory Response- ______________________________________________. • ________________________________________ into nearby tissues. WBCs fight pathogens. • Called the body’s _______________________________ because it is the same regardless of the pathogen. • WBCs- _____________________________ • Phagocyte- type of WBC that is involved in the inflammatory response. ____________________________ • Inflammation- ________________________________ and _________________________________ to bring WBCs to injury. ___________________________________________ • Fever- _________________________________ by killing pathogens. The Immune System • Infection that causes fever triggers body’s ___________________________________________________ • The immune system ________________________________ ___________________________________. • _________________________________________ with a defense targeted _________________________ at that pathogen. • Lymphocyte- WBC that ______________________________________. 2 types: ____________________ T Cells • T cells- _______________________________ and distinguish one from the other. • You have __________________________ of T cells. • ______________________________________________________________________. • Antigens- _____________________________ surface that identify cell B Cells • B cells- __________________ proteins that destroy pathogens _____________________ • ______________________________________________________________ • Each antibody has a different ____________________________. • _________________________________________________________________ - their pairing is specific. AIDS • • • AIDS- _______________________________________________________ HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus- ______________________________________ _________________ is the ___________________________________ and destroy _________________ Ms. Edwards (Life Science) Unit 12 Immune System Study Guide 3 • • People can have HIV for ___________________________ before they know they have it. More than _________________________ in the world ___________________________. • _________________________________________, body’s defenses are weakened. • HIV then becomes AIDS. • ______________________________________________________________________. • ___________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________ • HIV spreads through _____________________________ • Common causes of infection include ____________________________________________ (before 1985). • NOT spread by ______________ someone. Preventing Disease • Immunity- ______________________________________________________________ • 2 types of immunity- _________________________. Active Immunity • Body produces ___________________ to fight pathogens. • _____________________________________________________in response to the presence of a pathogen. • Immune Response- some ___________________________________________of the pathogen. • If that pathogen enters the body again, memory cells recognize antigen. • _______________________________________________________________________ • Active immunity protects you for ___________________________________________ • Vaccination- Antigens of virus are __________________________________________. • Vaccine- substance used in a vaccination. • _____________________________, but you get a memory of the virus. Consists of _______________________________ virus. When You Get Sick • Antibiotics- chemicals that ___________ ______________ or slows their growth • __________________________________________________ • For a speedy recovery, ___________________________________, and get lots of ________. Passive Immunity • • Results when ___________________ (instead of antigens) are given to a person. Lasts only a _______________________. Noninfectious Disease • _____________ get passive immunity from ____________. Diseases that _______________________________________________. Have become _______________ than infectious diseases. ___________________________________. 4 • _________________________________- leading cause of death in America. Allergies Allergies- ____________________________________________________________ • Allergen- substance that ______________________ (pollen, dust, mold, foods, medicines, pets). • Histamine- chemical that ___________________________. • To reduce allergies, _______________________________! • Asthma- a condition in which the ___________________________significantly. _____________________. Diabetes Diabetes- a condition where the ______________________________________________ • Insulin- allows body cells to take in __________________ and use it for energy. • A person with diabetes has __________________, but their ___________________________________ • Diabetes symptoms: ____________________________________________, excessive thirst, frequent urination, blindness, kidney failure, ______________________. • Type 1 Diabetes- ___________________________, pancreas produces little insulin. • Type 2 Diabetes- ______________________________________, can control symptoms by diet, weight control, and exercise. Cancer • Cancer- disease where _____________________________________________________ Unchecked cells form ________________ (mitosis), which __________________________________ parts, and can spread throughout body. Not all tumors are cancerous. • Causes of cancer- ______________________________________________________. • Carcinogens- __________________________________________________. Ms. Edwards (Life Science) Unit 12 Immune System Study Guide 5 • Treatment- surgery, drugs, ____________________________________________________________ • To prevent cancer, avoid carcinogens.