Download Global Health Rules to Halt International Spread of Diseases

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Global Health Rules to Halt International Spread of Diseases
Mrs. B. Vanaja
Kumari
MSc.Nursing, Professor,
Narayana College of
Nursing, Nellore.
Introduction :
More than at any previous time in history , global public
health security depends on international cooperation and
the willingness of all countries to act effectively in
tackling new and emerging threats. That is the clear
message of this year’s world health report entitled a safer
future : global public health security in the 21 st century ,
which concludes with six key recommendations to
secure the highest level of global public health security.
Full implementation of the revised International Health
Regulations (IHR 2005) by all countries.
Global cooperation in surveillance and outbreak
alert and response.
 Open sharing of knowledge, technologies and
materials, including viruses and other laboratory samples,
necessary to optimize secure global public health.
 Global responsibility for capacity building within the
public health infrastructure of all countries.
 Cross-sector collaboration within governments and
 Increased global and national resources for training,
surveillance, laboratory capacity, response net works ,
and prevention campaigns .
In our increasingly interconnected world , new
diseases are emerging at an unprecedented rate, often
with the ability to cross borders rapidly and spread. Since
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1967, at least 39 new pathogens have been identified ,
including HIV, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Marburg
fever and SARS. Other centuries - old threat to health
through a combination of mutation, Rising resistance to
anti microbial medicines and weak health systems.
UNIVERSAL VULNERABILITY :
WHO and its parents are closely involved in the
global response to H5N1 avian influenza, which has
caused huge out breaks in poultry and at least 308
human deaths since it was first isolated in humans in 1997.
Evolution of outbreak surveillance and response . This
world health report traces the history of efforts to
contain infectious diseases (including plague, cholera and
small pox). It describes the evolution of outbreak
surveillance and response activities of international
partnership of agencies and technical institutions . These
include in GORAN, the chemical and environmental
health incident alert and response system, and the global
polio eradication initiative, which is supporting
surveillance of many other vaccine-preventable diseases.
The report shows how and why diseases are
increasingly threatening global public health security. High
and rapid mobility of people is one factor. Airlines now
carry more than 2 billion passengers a year, enabling
people and the diseases that travel with them to pass
from one country to another in a matter of hours. The
potential health and economic impact was seen in 2003
with SARS , which cost asian countries an estimated
US $60 billion of gross expenditure and business losses.
The report outlines some of the human factors behind
public health resulting from a false sense of security in
the absence of infectious disease outbreaks .
 Unexpected policy changes such as a decision
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temporarily to halt immunization in Nigeria, which led to
the re- emergence of polio cases .
Conflict situations when forced migration obliges
people live in over crowded , unhygienic and
impoverished conditions heightening the risk of
epidemics.
Microbial evolution and antibiotic resistance and
animal husbandry and food processing threats such as
the human form of bovine spongi form encephalopathy
(BSE) and Nipah virus. strategy to tackle pandemic
influenza.
Pandemic influenza is described as the most feared
threat to health security in our times .
The revised international health regulations (2005) are
based on the premise that no country can fully protect
its citizens in isolation or through traditional border
controls. The IHR 2005 is a set of rules that governs hoe
countries should assess and report to WHO public health
emergencies of potential international concern. The broad
definitions of "public health risk" , "disease" and "event"
ensure that risks caused by the accidental or international
release of pathogens or chemical or radio nuclear
materials .
GLOBAL HEALTH RULES :
Hygiene refers to the set of practices perceived by a
community to be associated with the perseveration of
health and healthy living . While in modern medical
sciences there is a set of standards of hygiene
recommended for different situations, what is
considered hygienic or not can vary between different
cultures , genders and certain groups. Some regular
hygienic practices may be considered good habits by a
society while the neglect of hygiene can be considered
disgusting , disrespectful or even threatening .
MEDICAL HYGIENE :
Medical hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices
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related to the administration of medicine , and medical
care that prevents or minimizes disease and the
spreading of disease.
Medical hygiene practices include :
 Isolation or quarantine of infectious persons or
materials to prevent spread of infection.
 Sterilizaton of instruments used in surgical procedures.
 Use of protective clothing and barriers , such as
masks, gowns, caps, eye wear and gloves .
 Proper bandaging and dressing of injuries .
 Disinfection of reusables (i.e . linen, pads, uniforms)
 Scrubbing up, hand washing, especially in an
operating room, but in more general health-care settings
as well , while diseases can be transmitted .
th
Most of these practices were developed in the 19
th
century and were well established by the mid 20
century disease out breaks , notably AIDS and Ebola.
Home and every day life hygiene :
Home hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices that
prevent or minimize diseases and the spreading of
disease in home (domestic) and in every day life
settings such as social settings , public transport, the work
place, public places etc.
Hygiene in home and everyday life settings plays an
important part in preventing spread of infectious diseases.
It includes procedures used in a variety of domestic
situations such as hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, food
and water hygiene, general home hygiene (hygiene of
environmental sites and surfaces), care of domestic
animals, and home healthcare (the care of those who are
at great risk of infection ) .
The main sources of infection in the home are people
(who are carriers or are infected), foods (particularly
raw food) and water, and domestic (in western
countries more than 50 % of homes have one or more
pets). Additionally, sites that accumulate stagnant
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water - such as sinks, toilets, waste pipes, cleaning tools,
face cloths - readily support microbial growth, and can
become secondary reservoirs of infection, though
species are mostly those that threaten "at risk" groups.
Germs (potentially infectious bacteria, viruses etc.) are
constantly shed from these sources via mucous, faeces,
vomit, skin scales etc. people become exposed, either
directly or via food or water, and can develop an
infection .
Hygiene cleaning can be done :
Mechanical removal (i.e. cleaning) using a soap or
detergent. to be effective as a hygiene measure, this process must be followed by thorough rinsing under running
water to remove germs from the surface .
Using a process or product that inactivates the
pathogens in situ. germ kill is achieved using a
"micro - biocidal" product or waterless hand sanitizer or
by application of heat .
In some cases combined germ removal with kill is used .
e.g. laundering of clothing and household linens such as
towels and bed linen .
BIBILIOGAPHY:
1. Standhope “ text book community health nursing”
(2011) ,jaypee publishers, jablpur pp 388-391.
2. B.T.Basavantappa, “community health nursing” 1999,
Net reference:
1. www.google.com
2. www.medline.com
3. www.pubmed.com
Journals:
1. On line journals on global warming, jan 5 2003, p 96.
2. On line joiurnal on community health, issue 6 , dec
2000, pp 23-25.
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