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How Ecosystems Change:
1. Ecological Succession is the normal, gradual
changes that occur in the types of species that live
in an area.
A. Primary succession begins in a place without soil
1. It starts with pioneer species such as lichens,
that can grow on rock.
2. New soil forms as weather and erosion break
down rock .
3. Decaying plants add organic material to the
soil.
B. Secondary succession begins in a place
that has solid and once had living things.
1. Example: after a fire or
removal of buildings
2. Occurs faster and has different
pioneer species than primary
succession.
C. Climax community is a stable stage of
ecological diversity.
1. The gradual change from one
community of organisms to another is
ecological succession.
2. Succession that takes place in a forest
that has been destroyed by fire is an
example of secondary succession.
3. The first organisms to move into a
disturbed environment are the pioneer
species.
4. A community that tends to remain the
same and is in the final stage of succession
is a climax community.
5. Ecological succession that takes place in a location
that does not have soil is primary succession.
6. A beech-maple forest is an example of a climax
community.
7. When no life exists at all in an area, primary
succession begins.
8. Physical disturbances such as fires disturb the
stability of a climax community.
9. Primary succession can take hundreds or even
thousands of years to develop into a climax
community.
Number the following in order:
2, 4, 3, 1
How Ecosystems Change:
1. Secondary
2. Secondary
3. Primary
4. Secondary
5. What is ecological succession?
The gradual changes that occur in a
species
6. What is the general name for the
first species to grow after a volcanic
eruption covers an area with lava?
Pioneer species
7. How does soil form from bare rock?
Lichens and the forces of weather and
erosion with breaks down rock to form
soil. As pioneer species die, organic
material builds new soil.
8. How does succession occur after a
forest fire? The soil may already
contain seeds, more seeds are carried
to the area
9. Which takes longer, primary or
secondary? Explain.
Soil is already present at the beginning of
secondary succession
10. What is a community that has
reached a stable stage of ecological
succession called? Climax community
1. cool temperatures cause
condensation of water vapor
2. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide,
water and sunlight to make sugar
molecules.
3. Nitrogen fixation is performed by
bacteria
4. Energy is stored in fats,
carbohydrates, and proteins in the
body
5. Production of food from chemicals
is called chemosynthesis
6. In a food chain, herbivores eat
producers
7. Energy decreases moving for level
to level in an energy pyramid
8. condensation, precipitation, surface water
evaporation, transpiration water cycle
9. a gas form the atmosphere is changed into
usable compounds by lightening or by bacteria,
decomposing organic matter and animal wasted
release those compounds into the soil, plants
use the compounds to build cells nitrogen cycle
10. A gas given off by plants issued by people
and animals, a different gas exhaled by people
and animals is used by plants. carbon cycle
11. While most organisms get energy from
sunlight, bacteria that use chemosynthesis to
produce food get energy from
sulfur/chemicals.
12. A food web is made up of food chain(s) and
shows all the possible feeding relationships in a
community.
13. Carnivores and omnivores eat other
consumers in a food chain.
14. The process of liquid water changing into
water vapor and entering the atmosphere is called
evaporation
15. The release of water by plants is transpiration.
1. Nonliving environmental features are abiotic
2. soil: Mixture of mineral and rock particles,
remains of organisms, water, and air
3. evaporation: process in which liquid water
changes into water vapor
4. energy pyramid: shows the comparative
amount of energy available at each feeding level
in an ecosystem
5. climate: average weather conditions over time
6. Water cycle: shows how water moves through the
environment
7. condensation: process in which water vapor
changes into liquid water
8. biotic: living environmental features are biotic
9. food web: model of possible feeding or energy
transfer, relationships among multiple organisms in a
community
10. chemosynthesis: production of energy-rich
nutrient molecules from chemicals
Across:
1. Primary Succession
3. abiotic
4. Nitrogen Cycle
5. water cycle
6. energy pyramid
7. biotic
12. pioneer species
14. food web
DOWN:
2. secondary succession
8. carbon cycle
11. chemosynthesis
9. photosynthesis
13. climax community
10. bacteria
ECOLOGY the study of the environment
ECOLOGICAL sUCCESSION gradual changes in a type of
species that live in an area
PRIMARY SUCCESSION
—no soil
eruption
BIOSPHERE
Ex. Volcanic
ECOSYSTEM
Limiting Factor:
Anything that restricts the
number of individuals in a
population
Niche: Job
CLIMAX COMMUNITY
stable, balanced
PIONEER SPECIES First organisms that moved into a disturbed
environment
SECONDARY SUCCESSION —with soil —Faster Ex. Forest fire
HABITAT
CARRYING CAPACITY
Largest number of
individuals of a certain
species that can survive
Explain primary succession
BEGINS IN A PLACE
PREVIOUSLY WITHOUT PLANTS. IT STARTS WITH ARRIVAL OF
LIVING THINGS SUCH AS LICHENS. SOIL BEGINS TO FORM AS
LICHENS AND THE FORCES OF WEATHER AND EROSION HELP
BREAK DOWN ROCKS INTO SMALLER PIECES. EVENTUALLY
THESE PLANTS DIE, ADDING MORE ORGANIC MATERIAL. THE
SOIL THICKENS , GRASSES, WILDFLOWERS AND OTHER
PLANTS BEGIN TO TAKE OVER.
COMMUNITY
POPULATION
Organism
Exponential Growth: the larger a population gets the faster
it grows
BIOTIC POTENTIAL: highest rate for reproduction
Explain secondary succession. WHEN A FIRE DISTURBS A
FOREST OR WHEN A BUILDING IS TORN DOWN. NOT MUCH
SEEMS TO BE LEFT EXCEPT DEAD TREES AND ASH-COVERED
SOIL. AFTER THE RUBBLE OF A BUILDING IS REMOVED, ALL
THAT REMAINS IS BARE SOIL. THIS SOIL CONTAINS THE
SEEDS OF WEEDS, GRASSES, AND TREES. MORE SEEDS ARE
CARRIED TO THE AREA BY WIND AND BIRDS. OTHER
WILDLIFE MAY MOVE IN.