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Weekly Grammar Homework: Cornell Notes to Help You Example questions will be on the left side for you to add to the notes. 1. We will be going over terms, definitions, examples, and tips. 2. Leave space between sections if you want to add more notes later. 3. You will also have your grammar books (small red book) at home to utilize should you get stuck on your grammar work throughout the week. 4. Keep these notes, as I will randomly check for them throughout the year. Grammar: Monday’s How-To Can a verb be more than an action word? 1. Gerunds: a gerund is a verbal ending in –ing and functions as a noun. a. Running keeps me in great shape. b. I couldn’t go more than three days without swimming. 2. Participles: a participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and usually ends in –ing or –ed. a. The screaming baby finally fell asleep. b. The defeated team sulked off the field. 3. Infinitives: an infinitive is a verbal that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Infinitives are easier to identify, since they usually take the form of to + verb (to run). But you must determine if it is a noun, adjective, or adverb first! Grammar: Monday’s How-To What are the three types of infinitives? 1. Infinitive as a noun: • Example 1: He likes to run ~The infinitive (to run) is the direct object of “likes.” • Example 2: To run is his passion ~ The infinitive (to run) is the subject of “is.” 2. Infinitive as an adjective: • Example 1: I am looking for a marathon to run. ~ The infinitive (to run) is modifying the word “marathon.” • Example 2: It’s an important diagnostic test to run. ~ The infinitive (to run) is modifying the word “test.” 3. Infinitive as an adverb: • Example 1: I paid to run in the marathon. ~The infinitive (to run) is modifying the verb “paid.” • Example 2: She programmed the air conditioner to run during the day. ~The infinitive (to run) is modifying the verb “programmed.” Grammar: Monday’s How-To How are words connected to feelings? 1. Connotation: the emotional association with a word. Can be: a) Positive + b) Negative – c) Neutral = Step 1: Examine the words thoroughly, looking up in the dictionary or thesaurus whenever possible. Step 2: Put the word in a sentence to assess the emotional response. Example: We bought (cheap or inexpensive) souvenirs on the trip. • Cheap= negative connotation • Inexpensive= positive connotation, or neutral Grammar: Monday’s How-To Can you find the meaning of a word without looking it up? 1. Context Clues: words of phrases that help the reader understand a difficult word. 2. There are lots of possibilities for finding context clues: • Synonym- It was an idyllic day; sunny, warm and perfect for a walk in the park • Antonym- Emma had a lot of anxiety about the exam but I had no worries about it. • Definition- There is great prosperity in the country but many citizens are living in poverty. • Explanation- The team was elated when they won the trophy. • Comparison- Diane was lethargic and didn’t have the energy to get out of bed. • Contrast- The picture of the landscape is picturesque but the one of the old house is ugly. Grammar: Monday’s How-To Can you find a better word? 1. Synonym- a word having the same, or nearly the same meaning as another word. • A dictionary for finding these words is a thesaurus. 2. Examples: • Beautiful: Attractive, Pretty, Lovely, Stunning • Fair: Just, Objective, Impartial, Unbiased • Funny: Humorous, Comical, Hilarious, Hysterical • Happy: Content, Joyful, Mirthful, Upbeat Start these notes on a new sheet of paper Grammar: Tuesday’s How-To I can have more than one voice? 1. Active Voice: a verb in the active voice expresses an action done by its subject. Example: Robert Frost wrote many poignant poems. ~The subject (Robert Frost) performs the action. 2. Passive Voice: a verb in the passive voice expresses an action done to its subject. Example: Many poignant poems were written by Robert Frost. ~The subject (poems) receives the action. Grammar: Tuesday’s How-To What are the parts of a word? 1. Root Word/Base: a word that stands on its own, but can have an affix added to it to create a new word. Example: love is a root word, and can become lovely. 2. Root: a base of a word with a set meaning, but does not stand on its own as a word. Example: auto means self, and can become autobiography. 3. Affix: added to a root or root word to form a new word. 4. Prefix: affix added to the beginning of a root or root word. Example: un-, means not. Unhappy = not happy 5. Suffix: affix added to the ending of a root or root word. Example: -s, or –es, means more than one. Wishes= more than one wish. Grammar: Tuesday’s How-To Words have relationships? 1. Analogies: a comparison between two things. 2. There are 7 types of analogies! Function Example: microwave: heat :: helmet: protect The function of a microwave is to heat, the function of a helmet is to protect. Degree Example: fascinating: interesting :: critical: important Something that is fascinating is very interesting, something that is critical is very important. Lack Example: honest: integrity :: hateful: peace An honest person lacks integrity, a hateful person lacks peace. Grammar: Tuesday’s How-To Characteristic Example: sandpaper: coarse :: crime: illegal A characteristic of sandpaper is to be coarse, a characteristic of a crime is that it’s illegal. Type/Kind/Category Example: flute: instrument :: banana: fruit A flute is a type of instrument, a banana is a type of fruit. Part-to-whole Example: nose: face :: buckle: belt A nose is part of a face, a buckle is part of a belt. Definition (synonym or antonym) Example: bargain: deal :: imaginary: pretend A synonym for bargain is deal, a synonym for imaginary is pretend. Start these notes on a new sheet of paper Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To Verbs have 5 moods? 1. Indicative: the indicative verb mood is used to state an apparent fact. It is one of the most common verb moods in English. Examples: • I am deathly allergic to peanuts. • Last year, I went to Brazil with my family. • Sally has three siblings. 2. Imperative: The imperative verb mood states a command or request. Often, the subject is not included in the sentence, but implied. Examples: • (You) Look both ways before crossing the street! • Come here. • Hang on! Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To 3. Interrogative: The interrogative verb mood indicates a state of questioning. Note that for this verb mood, the subject-verb order is inverted (backwards). Examples: • Will Dad take us to school tomorrow? • Have you completed all of your homework? • Will we walk to the store on Thursday? 4. Conditional: This verb mood indicates a conditional state that will cause something else to happen. Key words that are commonly used: “might,” “would,” and “could.” Examples: • If you budget your money wisely, you might be able to buy two books. • Mark could pass his class, if he applies himself. • I would be able to meet you if my dad can give me a ride. Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To 5. Subjunctive: subjunctive mood expresses doubt, desire, suggestions, imaginary/hypothetical situations, or conditions contrary to fact. Key verb that are commonly used are: prefer, insist, require, ask, demand, suggest, recommend, wish, request, order. Examples: • I suggest that Earl work with a tutor. • I wish it were still open. • It is important that the show begin immediately. Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To What marks do I use when proofreading? Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To What 1. Commas: the sentences that require commas will fall punctuation under the following situations: goes inside of a • To separate items in a series (3 or more) sentence? • To signal conjunctions in a sentence (she went to the mall, and the store) • To organize character dialogue • To separate coordinate adjectives (the cruel, callous man.) • To set off an introductory element (knowing he would be late, he ran as fast as he could) 2. Dashes: most appropriate for abrupt breaks in thought or speech, or they can be used to indicate an unfinished sentence. Can also be used to indicate the introduction to an explanation. 3. Parentheses: used to enclose material that is added to a sentence, but is not considered to be of major importance. Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To Can you find a word with the opposite meaning? 1. Antonym: a word opposite in meaning to another word. Example: antonyms for the word "good“ are: bad, badly, badness, evil, evilness, ill, malevolent, malicious, poorly, wicked Start these notes on a new sheet of paper Grammar: Thursday’s How-To I can combine sentences? *Conjunctions: words that help you join to or three short and choppy sentences to make one complete sentence. Two types: 1. Coordinating 2. Subordinating 1. Coordinating Conjunction: joins parts of a sentence that are equally similar. ___________ + ___________ Grammar: Thursday’s How-To 2. Subordinating Conjunction: joins two clauses. *List of top subordinating conjunctions: after how till ( or 'til) although if unless as inasmuch until as if in order that when as long as lest whenever as much as now that where as soon as provided (that) wherever as though since while because so that before than even if that even though though Grammar: Thursday’s How-To Mood and Shift: is a confusing change in person, verb tense, voice, voice can shift? mood, or number; it is kind of like How? wearing two different shoes. Ex. Incorrect She caught the ball and then throws it to the catcher for the out. Ex: Correct She caught the ball and then threw it to the catcher for the out. Verb voice: Voice is either active or passive. Passive voice shows something else is acting on the subject whereas the active voice is more forceful and direct. Passive: The letter was mailed by James. Active: The letter was mailed Grammar: Thursday’s How-To Mood: The quality of a verb that conveys the writer’s attitude toward a subject Ex: If I were rich, I’d have all the time in the world to do what I want to do. (Not If I was rich…) Thursday requires you to use Thursday notes, and all of your other notes from the week