Download (2) - cloudfront.net

Weekly Grammar Homework:
Cornell Notes to Help You
Example
questions
will be on
the left side
for you to
add to the
notes.
1. We will be going over terms, definitions, examples,
and tips.
2. Leave space between sections if you want to add
more notes later.
3. You will also have your grammar books (small red
book) at home to utilize should you get stuck on your
grammar work throughout the week.
4. Keep these notes, as I will randomly check for them
throughout the year.
Grammar: Monday’s How-To
Can a verb
be more
than an
action
word?
1. Gerunds: a gerund is a verbal ending in –ing and
functions as a noun.
a. Running keeps me in great shape.
b. I couldn’t go more than three days without swimming.
2. Participles: a participle is a verbal that is used as an
adjective and usually ends in –ing or –ed.
a. The screaming baby finally fell asleep.
b. The defeated team sulked off the field.
3. Infinitives: an infinitive is a verbal that can be used as a
noun, adjective, or adverb. Infinitives are easier to identify,
since they usually take the form of to + verb (to run). But you
must determine if it is a noun, adjective, or adverb first!
Grammar: Monday’s How-To
What are
the three
types of
infinitives?
1. Infinitive as a noun:
• Example 1: He likes to run
~The infinitive (to run) is the direct object of “likes.”
• Example 2: To run is his passion
~ The infinitive (to run) is the subject of “is.”
2. Infinitive as an adjective:
• Example 1: I am looking for a marathon to run.
~ The infinitive (to run) is modifying the word “marathon.”
• Example 2: It’s an important diagnostic test to run.
~ The infinitive (to run) is modifying the word “test.”
3. Infinitive as an adverb:
• Example 1: I paid to run in the marathon.
~The infinitive (to run) is modifying the verb “paid.”
• Example 2: She programmed the air conditioner to run
during the day.
~The infinitive (to run) is modifying the verb “programmed.”
Grammar: Monday’s How-To
How are
words
connected
to feelings?
1. Connotation: the emotional association with a word.
Can be:
a) Positive +
b) Negative –
c) Neutral =
Step 1: Examine the words thoroughly, looking up in the
dictionary or thesaurus whenever possible.
Step 2: Put the word in a sentence to assess the emotional
response.
Example:
We bought (cheap or inexpensive) souvenirs on the trip.
• Cheap= negative connotation
• Inexpensive= positive connotation, or neutral
Grammar: Monday’s How-To
Can you
find the
meaning of
a word
without
looking it
up?
1. Context Clues: words of phrases that help the reader
understand a difficult word.
2. There are lots of possibilities for finding context clues:
• Synonym- It was an idyllic day; sunny, warm and perfect
for a walk in the park
• Antonym- Emma had a lot of anxiety about the exam but
I had no worries about it.
• Definition- There is great prosperity in the country but
many citizens are living in poverty.
• Explanation- The team was elated when they won the
trophy.
• Comparison- Diane was lethargic and didn’t have the
energy to get out of bed.
• Contrast- The picture of the landscape is picturesque but
the one of the old house is ugly.
Grammar: Monday’s How-To
Can you
find a better
word?
1. Synonym- a word having the same, or nearly the same
meaning as another word.
• A dictionary for finding these words is a thesaurus.
2. Examples:
• Beautiful: Attractive, Pretty, Lovely, Stunning
• Fair: Just, Objective, Impartial, Unbiased
• Funny: Humorous, Comical, Hilarious, Hysterical
• Happy: Content, Joyful, Mirthful, Upbeat
Start these notes on a new
sheet of paper 
Grammar: Tuesday’s How-To
I can have
more than
one voice?
1. Active Voice: a verb in the active voice expresses an
action done by its subject.
Example: Robert Frost wrote many poignant poems.
~The subject (Robert Frost) performs the action.
2. Passive Voice: a verb in the passive voice expresses an
action done to its subject.
Example: Many poignant poems were written by Robert
Frost.
~The subject (poems) receives the action.
Grammar: Tuesday’s How-To
What are
the parts of
a word?
1. Root Word/Base: a word that stands on its own, but can
have an affix added to it to create a new word.
Example: love is a root word, and can become lovely.
2. Root: a base of a word with a set meaning, but does not
stand on its own as a word.
Example: auto means self, and can become autobiography.
3. Affix: added to a root or root word to form a new word.
4. Prefix: affix added to the beginning of a root or root word.
Example: un-, means not. Unhappy = not happy
5. Suffix: affix added to the ending of a root or root word.
Example: -s, or –es, means more than one.
Wishes= more than one wish.
Grammar: Tuesday’s How-To
Words have
relationships?
1. Analogies: a comparison between two things.
2. There are 7 types of analogies!
Function
Example: microwave: heat :: helmet: protect
The function of a microwave is to heat, the function of a
helmet is to protect.
Degree
Example: fascinating: interesting :: critical: important
Something that is fascinating is very interesting, something
that is critical is very important.
Lack
Example: honest: integrity :: hateful: peace
An honest person lacks integrity, a hateful person lacks
peace.
Grammar: Tuesday’s How-To
Characteristic
Example: sandpaper: coarse :: crime: illegal
A characteristic of sandpaper is to be coarse, a
characteristic of a crime is that it’s illegal.
Type/Kind/Category
Example: flute: instrument :: banana: fruit
A flute is a type of instrument, a banana is a type of fruit.
Part-to-whole
Example: nose: face :: buckle: belt
A nose is part of a face, a buckle is part of a belt.
Definition (synonym or antonym)
Example: bargain: deal :: imaginary: pretend
A synonym for bargain is deal, a synonym for imaginary is
pretend.
Start these notes on a new
sheet of paper 
Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To
Verbs have 5
moods?
1. Indicative: the indicative verb mood is used to state an
apparent fact. It is one of the most common verb moods
in English.
Examples:
• I am deathly allergic to peanuts.
• Last year, I went to Brazil with my family.
• Sally has three siblings.
2. Imperative: The imperative verb mood states a
command or request. Often, the subject is not included in
the sentence, but implied.
Examples:
• (You) Look both ways before crossing the street!
• Come here.
• Hang on!
Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To
3. Interrogative: The interrogative verb mood indicates a
state of questioning. Note that for this verb mood, the
subject-verb order is inverted (backwards).
Examples:
• Will Dad take us to school tomorrow?
• Have you completed all of your homework?
• Will we walk to the store on Thursday?
4. Conditional: This verb mood indicates a conditional state
that will cause something else to happen. Key words that
are commonly used: “might,” “would,” and “could.”
Examples:
• If you budget your money wisely, you might be able to
buy two books.
• Mark could pass his class, if he applies himself.
• I would be able to meet you if my dad can give me a ride.
Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To
5. Subjunctive: subjunctive mood expresses doubt, desire,
suggestions, imaginary/hypothetical situations, or conditions
contrary to fact. Key verb that are commonly used are:
prefer, insist, require, ask, demand, suggest, recommend,
wish, request, order.
Examples:
• I suggest that Earl work with a tutor.
• I wish it were still open.
• It is important that the show begin immediately.
Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To
What marks do
I use when
proofreading?
Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To
What
1. Commas: the sentences that require commas will fall
punctuation
under the following situations:
goes inside of a • To separate items in a series (3 or more)
sentence?
• To signal conjunctions in a sentence (she went to the
mall, and the store)
• To organize character dialogue
• To separate coordinate adjectives (the cruel, callous
man.)
• To set off an introductory element (knowing he would be
late, he ran as fast as he could)
2. Dashes: most appropriate for abrupt breaks in thought or
speech, or they can be used to indicate an unfinished
sentence. Can also be used to indicate the introduction to
an explanation.
3. Parentheses: used to enclose material that is added to a
sentence, but is not considered to be of major importance.
Grammar: Wednesday’s How-To
Can you
find a word
with the
opposite
meaning?
1. Antonym: a word opposite in meaning to another word.
Example:
antonyms for the word "good“ are:
bad, badly, badness, evil, evilness, ill, malevolent, malicious,
poorly, wicked
Start these notes on a new
sheet of paper 
Grammar: Thursday’s How-To
I can combine
sentences?
*Conjunctions: words that help you join to or three short
and choppy sentences to make one complete sentence.
Two types:
1. Coordinating
2. Subordinating
1. Coordinating Conjunction: joins parts of a sentence
that are equally similar.
___________ + ___________
Grammar: Thursday’s How-To
2. Subordinating Conjunction: joins two clauses.
*List of top subordinating conjunctions:
after
how
till ( or 'til)
although
if
unless
as
inasmuch
until
as if
in order that
when
as long as
lest
whenever
as much as
now that
where
as soon as
provided (that)
wherever
as though
since
while
because
so that
before
than
even if
that
even though
though
Grammar: Thursday’s How-To
Mood and
Shift: is a confusing change in person, verb tense, voice,
voice can shift? mood, or number; it is kind of like
How?
wearing two different shoes.
Ex. Incorrect
She caught the ball and then throws it to the catcher for the
out.
Ex: Correct
She caught the ball and then threw it to the catcher for the
out.
Verb voice: Voice is either active or passive. Passive voice
shows something else is acting on the subject whereas the
active voice is more forceful and direct.
Passive: The letter was mailed by James.
Active: The letter was mailed
Grammar: Thursday’s How-To
Mood: The quality of a verb that conveys the writer’s
attitude toward a subject
Ex: If I were rich, I’d have all the time in the world to do what
I want to do. (Not If I was rich…)
Thursday requires you to
use Thursday notes, and all
of your other notes from the
week