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Amphibian Fungal Disease Dynamics Chytridiomycosis fungus dynamics in wildlife Gabriela Rios-Sotelo Vance Vredenburg Lab San Francisco State University Amphibian diversity Emerging disease Emerging disease Global amphibian declines • Number 1 most threatened vertebrate • 1/3 (32%) of amphibians are threatened species • May be on the brink of a sixth mass extinction • Many reasons for declines • Recently… INFECTIOUS DISEASE Chytridiomycosis (chytrid) Largest disease-caused loss of species in history 200 species already driven to extinction Fungal pathogen specific to amphibians Transmitted by aquatic zoospores Infects keratin layers of amphibian skin Thickened skin leading to blocked osmotic regulation and electrolyte transport Skerratt et al 2007; Voyles et al 2009 Batrachocytrium dendrobatidis(Bd) lifecycle Chytrid Dynamics Many questions… Where did this disease originate? How did amphibians in this area come to live robustly with this fungus? Can we use this knowledge to efficiently protect other species worldwide? How can we control further disease spread? How do some species survive with infection while others do not? How does this particular microbe interact as a skin disease? Does it compete for food and space with other skin microbes? Does this have to do with why some species are more susceptible than others? How does Bd’s assn. with it’s abiotic environment influence it’s dispersal, susceptibilty and other factors? Emerging disease in Asia Worldwide distribution ? Fisher et al 2009 Bd has been well documented all over the world except Asia Emerging disease in Asia Bd in Asia Most unique and diverse areas in the world for amphibian fauna Recent papers in China, Japan and South Korea show low infection rates and no signs of mass amphibian declines Emerging disease in Asia Disease Dymanics K Upton Two hypothesis for Bd emergence Novel pathogen hypothesis (NPH) Emerging endemic hypothesis (EEH) EEH pattern would show constant infection prevalence levels demonstrating coevolution in area of origin Berger et al 1998; Rashowicz et al 2005; Pounds et al 2006 Emerging disease in Asia Bd in Japan M olecular Ecology (2009) doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-294X.2009.04384.x A mphi bi an chytri di omycosi s i n Japan: di stri buti on, hapl otypes and possi bl e route of entry i nto Japan K O I C H I GO K A ,* JU N Y O K O Y A M A ,† Y U M I U N E,‡ T O SH I RO K U RO K I ,§ K A Z U T A K A SU Z U K I ,* M I RI N A K A H A RA ,* A REI K O BA Y A SH I ,* SH I GEK I I N A BA , – T O M O O M I Z U T A N I * * and A L EX D . H Y A T T †† *National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan, †Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan, ‡Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan, §Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-23-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan, –Biotechnology Development Center, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-5-8 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 2920818, Japan, **Nature Conservation Bureau, M inistry of the Environment, 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8975, Japan, ††Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia 1st distribution of Bd in Japan Low infection rates A bstract Many A seri ous haplotypes di sease of amphi bi ans caused by the chytri d f ungus Bat rachochyt ri um dendrobat i di s w as f i rst f ound i n Japan i n D ecember 2006 i n i mported pet f rogs. Thi s w as the f i rst report of chytri di omycosi s i n A si a. To assess the ri sk of pandemi c chytri di Vector mediated spread omycosi s to Japanese f rogs, w e surveyed the di stri buti on of the f ungus among capti ve and w i l d f rog popul ati ons. We establ i shed a nested PCR assay that uses tw o pai rs of PCR pri mers to ampl i f y the i nternal transcri bed spacer (I TS) regi on of a ri bosomal RN A cassette to detect mi l d f ungal i nf ecti ons f rom as l i ttl e as 0.001 pg (1 f g) of B. dendrobat i di s D N A . We col l ected sw ab sampl es f rom 265 amphi bi ans sol d at pet shops, 294 bred at i nsti tutes and 2103 col l ected at f i el d si tes f rom northern to southw estern Japan. We detected i nf ecti ons i n nati ve and exoti c speci es, both i n capti vi ty and i n the f i el d. Emerging disease in Asia AS well as the oldest museum specimen record documented with Bd 1902 Andrias japonicus K Sweet 2008 Emerging disease in Asia Using museum specimens and PCR to test for Bd New method developed From Dr. Alex Hyatt’s PCR detection method adapted by Tina Cheng allows Bd detection in preserved museum specimens Emerging disease in Asia Bd disease Map of Japan