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Transcript
Land Wealth Power Religion Nationalism – Love for your country A. Liberal mindset in the early 19th Century—maintain organized European state w/ national lines would lead to a peaceful Europe. B. All this did was cause competition in the late 19th Century (Germany vs. Britain). C. Diplomacy was not working in Europe. Brinkmanship was the norm (pressing to the possibility of war). Each state was motivated by self interests. “In questions of honor and vital interests, you don’t consult others.” Kaiser William II D. Not all ethnic groups had self-determination (nationhood—Slavic minorities, Irish, Poles). Imperialism – Taking other countries land, money and resources A. The Scramble for Africa “The White Man’s Burden” 1. Seven European nations will divide up the continent—leading to jealousies (Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium) B. United States – Spanish/American War 1. U.S. newspapers will spark a war in Cuba. “Remember The Maine!!!” (Yellow Journalism) 2. Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders will help defeat the Spanish leading to create a Cuban protectorate (lasted for about 50 years). 3. U.S. will also defeat Spanish in the Philippines (Admiral Perry and navy sent from China). 4. Emilio Aguinaldo will help U.S. defeat Spanish, but we then decide this island country would allow trade w/China easier (we kill 1 out of every 5 Filipinos on the island). Imperialism – Taking other countries land, money and resources C. The Scramble for Asia 1. Many European countries wanted to establish a Sphere of influence in Asia (Great Britain, United States, Dutch, Japan, Russia, Portugal, France, Germany). 2. Secretary of State John Hay will create “Open Door Policy” to open China for many countries—competition. System of Alliances – countries join to deter attack and help w/ trade. A. Prior to WWI two major alliances 1. Triple Entente – Great Britain, France, Russia (secret treaty w/ Serbia). Formed to prevent a strong Germany from attacking. 2. Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (formed because of German help to form country. B. WWI begins 1914 1. Triple Entente – becomes the Allies 2. Triple Alliance – becomes known as the Central Powers. Italy will claim Neutrality until 1915 when they join the allies and the Ottoman Empire (seeking land lost during Balkan wars) will take their place. Militarism – Stockpiling of weapons for war A. This created a situation that if war occurred it would have the greatest devastation. B. Conscription became a regular practice prior to WWI (except in United States and Britain). Army size: Germany---------------------------------- 900,000 France_------------------------------------ 900,000 Russia------------------------------------- 1,300,000 Great Britain, Italian, Austria-Hungary --------- 250,000 – 500,000 each Militarism – Stockpiling of weapons for war. C. Great Britain and Germany have the financial resources to back a long major campaign (scary thought—countries w/ large amounts of resources and not afraid to use them). June 28, 1914 --Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo (Bosnia). Ferdinand was taking the trip as a goodwill tour and to let the Slavic people that he was going to bring more representation to their people. --Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian terrorist from the terrorist group Black Hand is sent to try and unite Serbia into larger Serbian kingdom (not sure if gov’t knew). --Black Hand’s motto = Unity or Death! Black Hand’s oath to become member: “I (name), in becoming a member of the organization, ‘Unification or Death,’ do swear by the sun that shines on me, by the earth that nourishes me, by God, by the blood of my ancestors, on my honor and my life that from this moment until my death, I shall be faithful to the regulations of the organization and that I will be prepared to make any sacrifice for it. I swear before God, on my honor and on my life, that I shall carry with me to the grave the organization’s secrets. May God condemn me and my comrades judge me if I violate or do not respect, consciously or not, my oath.” June 28 dates: June 28, 1389 Serbia become controlled by Ottoman Empire. June 28, 1912 Serbia gains independence from Ottoman Empire. June 28, 1914 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie. June 28, 1919 Treaty of Versailles signed. July 23, 1914 --Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia. (1) The Serbian gov’t must suppress all groups that oppose the Austro-Hungarian gov’t; (2) Serbia must dismiss school teachers and ban books that did not support AustriaHungary; (3) Serbia must dismiss gov’t officials who spoke out against Austria-Hungary; (4) Austro-Hungarian officials must be allowed to participate in the trials of those accused in the assassination. Serbia says yes to first three, but refuses to the fourth. July 28, 1914 --Austria/Hungary declares war on Serbia “A Brisk Summer War”. --Germany issues a “blank check” to support A/H. --Russia orders partial mobilization of troops July 29, 1914 --Russia orders full mobilization of troops (Germany sees this as an act of war. July 31, 1914 --Germany sends an ultimatum to Russia (Tsar Nicholas, Kaiser William are cousins along with the King of England). --Russia refuses. August 1, 1914 --Germany declares war on Russia (knew Russia was slow to mobilize). August 3, 1914 --Germany declares war on France a. The German Schlieffen Plan called for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would make a rapid invasion of Western France by way of neutral Belgium—42 day victory over France). b. Austria-Hungary had sent 4 armies to Russia and 2 to Serbia (only had 6) to keep Russia occupied). c. The Germans would be able to fight a two-front war. August 4, 1914 --Great Britain declares war on Germany. a. Germany had violated the neutrality treaty of 1839 that Britain stated they would defend against any country violating Belgium neutrality. b. Britain really enters war to try and maintain their world power (problem w/ mobilization— takes 21 days to move troops to continent). Summary of the start of WWI June 28, 1914 – Archduke and Sophie assassinated by Serbian terrorist. July 23, 1914 – Austria-Hungary send ultimatum to Serbia. July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. July 29, 1914 – Russia mobilizes their troops. July 31, 1914 – German sends ultimatum to Russia. August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on Russia. August 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on France. August 4, 1914 – German troops invade Belgium. August 4, 1914 – Great Britain declares war on Germany. Who is at fault for starting WWI? Enthusiasm for war. A. Almost everyone in August 1914 believed that the war would be over in a few weeks. B. European wars since 1815 had in fact ended in a matter of weeks (forgot about American Civil War—perfect prototype for WWI). C. Countries thought w/ their massive resources they could fight a war for many months w/o affecting their national economy. D. Most believed war would be done by Christmas. E. War was seen as an exhilarating release from humdrum bourgeois existence, from a “world grown old and cold and weary.” F.To many, war meant a glorious adventure and for this reason the best and the brightest will join (“Flower of Europe”). It won’t be!!! Philosophy prior to WWI A. Before WWI, civilians (non-combatants) were not targeted. B. WWI sees a change in philosophy toward civilians—because of the innovations of the many weapons of WWI. C. Both Alfred Nobel (creator of dynamite and peace prize—guilt) and Orville Wright thought their inventions would make warfare obsolete. D. Commanders and soldiers thought this war would be over quickly (Germans thought by Dec. 1914). It became a war of attrition. Weapons of WWI A. Machine Gun Fired 40 times faster than the average rifle man. It made the display of personal courage irrelevant. Weapons of WWI A. Machine Gun Killed indiscremently. Like throwing a fishing net. Most responsible for turning WWI into a stalemate on the Western Front!!! B. Trench Warfare (strategy not a weapon) 2 major trenches through the Western Front. Each about 400 miles long—dug by the soldiers. Rats, mud, casualties, weather, etc. C. Poison Gas Germans will develop Mustard Gas to be used in WWI. Hitler will be blinded by Mustard Gas (November 1918). D. Unterseeboot (submarine) One reason why the US entered WWI—sinking supply ships. 1st stealth weapon in war. Rules of War concerning submarine: (1) Come to the surface & raise a flag. (2) Allow crew off ship. (3) Sink the ship. Defeats the Purpose of the Submarine!!! Germans are the 1st to use U-boats to perfection. They do a lot of damage (trade & passenger shipping Lusitania) E. Airplane 1st airplanes were used for observation of enemy lines. Later they would be used for dogfights and bombing military targets. F. Tank 1st used in the Battle of the Somme. This weapon was NOT USED extensively in WWI. Up until 1916 WWI was a stalemate. Both sides did not have any decisive battles. The allies planned to change that with a large scale battle in July of 1916. The Germans had dug themselves in on one side of no-mans land with the allies on the other (U.S. not involved). The allies would bomb the Germans with 1.5 millions rounds from canons in the 1st week (bomb them into submission). They hoped this would break the spirit of the Germans and they would be killed or would give up. 1st day of battle 20,000 die (1/3 of Vietnam). Battle lasted four months with 1.1 million casualties. Machine Gun raises the question: Is the land worth the amount of lives which will be lost taking the territory? The Battle of the Somme killed the “Flower of Europe”.