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World War I – Beginnings Chapters 27.1 – 27.2 Causes of World War I • • • • • • • • • Nationalism Many feared Germany’s growing power in Europe Many ethnic groups resented domination by others and hoped for independence Imperialism As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain for colonies Militarism By 1890, Germany had become the strongest nation in Europe France, Italy, Japan and the U.S. quickly joined the naval arms race If one country mobilized, others would mobilize in selfdefense Alliance System Triple Entente, or Allies Triple Alliance, or Central Powers Germany tried to remain neutral with Russia – creating the Three Emperors’ League, and later the Reinsurance Treaty An Assassination Leads to War Conflict arose in the Balkan Peninsula – known as the Balkan “powder keg” Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina to create a larger Slavic state June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand is shot in Sarajevo, Bosnia Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum Mobilization of Europe July 28, AustriaHungary declared war on Serbia Aug. 1: Germany declares war on Russia; Aug 3: Germany declares war on France Belgium had promised to remain neutral in all European wars in 1839 – wouldn’t help any belligerents Britain declared war on Germany and AustriaHungary after they invaded Belgium The War Expands August – Japan enters the war Italy remained neutral for 10 months May 1915 – Italy entered the war against Germany Austria-Hungary Germany had persuaded the Ottoman Empire to fight alongside them The Belligerents Soldiers felt the war would be very quick Central Powers: • Germany, AustriaHungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: • Great Britain, France, Russia World War I - Alliances The War Introduces New Hazards Tanks and airplanes helped begin an era of mechanized warfare The Germans used U-boats to control the seas Machine guns and long-range artillery began to be used The new weapons and tactics of World War I led to horrific injuries and dangers: • • • • • Surrounded by filth, lice, rats and polluted water Suffered from lack of sleep “Shell Shock” “Trench Foot” “Trench Mouth” WWI - Injuries Promoting War Soldiers in WWI were mostly drafted civilians “Total War” Governments used propaganda to stir patriotism The Early Years of the War Aug 3, 1914 – Germany enacts the “Schlieffen Plan” France and Britain defeated Germany in the Battle of the Marne By spring of 1915, two parallel systems of trenches crossed France Russia mobilized their troops on the Eastern Front August 1914 – Battle of Tannenberg Germany launched an offensive into Russian Poland Continued Fighting 1915 – Britain and France decide to take Constantinople British and French troops bombarded the Turks on the Gallipoli Peninsula After 8 months, the Allies abandoned Gallipoli Naval Warfare British blockaded the North Sea Germany used its U-boats to set up its own blockade on Britain Woodrow Wilson warned Germany May 1916 – Battle of Jutland The trench warfare created a war of attrition The United States and WWI America began to trade with the Allies more than the Central powers – ships were seized if they carried contraband British propaganda about German atrocities angered Americans The Zimmerman Note pushed America even closer towards war 4 unarmed American merchant ships were sunk as the Germans declared Britain a “war zone” March, 1917 – Russian monarchy replaced with a representative government April 6, 1917 – American officially declares war on Germany