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Music: An Appreciation, Brief, 8th edition | Roger Kamien PART I: ELEMENTS 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education Music: vital part of human society • Provides entertainment and emotional release; accompanies activities • Heard everywhere in modern life Recorded music is a 20th-century innovation • Internet access • Portable audio Live performance: special excitement • Experience affected by emotional state of both performer and audience Evaluating music performances • Background music vs. active listening • Perceptive listening enhances enjoyment • Knowledge of musical elements enhances perception 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education SOUND: pitch, dynamics, tone color Our world is filled with sounds • Sounds can be pleasant or unpleasant • Humans are able to focus on specific sounds • We can ignore sounds that do not interest us Sound • • • • Begins as a result of vibrating object Transmitted through a medium: air Causes our eardrums to vibrate Impulses sent to brain for processing MUSIC: organization of sounds in time Four main categories of musical sounds • pitch • dynamics • tone color • duration 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education pitch: relative highness or lowness of sound Pitch is Determined by frequency of vibration • Fast vibration = high pitch; slow vibration = low pitch • Generally, smaller vibrating objects = higher pitches In music, definite pitch is a tone • Tones, or musical pitches, have specific frequencies frequency of a pitch is measured in cycles (vibrations) per second * example A= 440 HZ • Irregular vibrations create sounds of indefinite pitch Interval: distance between 2 tones • Octave: doubling/halving of frequency ** see examples • Tones an octave apart seem to blend together or sound alike Western music divides octave into 12 tones Nonwestern music may divide into different number Pitch Range: distance between voice or instrument’s highest & lowest possible tones 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education dynamics Relative loudness of a sound • Related to amplitude of vibration producing sound • Changes in dynamics may be sudden or gradual Accent: tone played louder than tones near it Italian terms used to indicate dynamics • Extremes: ppp, pppp, fff, ffff • Crescendo: gradually louder • Decrescendo (diminuendo): gradually softer 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education tone color (timbre) • Quality that identifies an instrument’s sound • Can be bright, dark, mellow, etc. Changes in tone color create variety and contrast Tone colors add a sense of continuity Specific melodies with specific tone colors Unlimited variety of tone colors Composers frequently blend sounds of instruments to create new tone colors Modern electronic technique create new tone colors 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education listening outlines, vocal music guides, and properties of sound Listening Outlines & Vocal Music Guides • • • • Helps focus attention on musical events as they occur Preceded by description of the music’s main features Listening Outline: points out notable musical sounds Vocal Music Guide: helps the listener follow the thought, story, or drama *Suggestion: While listening to one passage, look ahead to what is next 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSIC Note: • Tone colors through instrumentation • Dynamic contrasts LISTENING The Firebird, scene 2 (1910) Igor Stravinsky 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSIC Listen for: • Tone colors • Repeated note melody • Improvised solos • Muted brass instruments LISTENING C-Jam Blues (1942) Duke Ellington 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education PERFORMING MEDIA: voices and instruments Voices: unique ability to fuse words & musical tones • Voice range is based on physical makeup & training • Voice classifications Female soprano (highest female voice) mezzo-soprano Alto (lowest female voice) Male tenor (highest male voice) baritone bass (lowest male voice) • Vocal music is frequently performed with instrumental accompaniment 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education Musical instruments: any mechanism (other than voice) that produces musical sounds • Western instruments: 6 broad categories string woodwind brass • • • • percussion keyboard electronic Made in different sizes for range variety Tone color may vary with the register Provide entertainment; used for accompaniment Instruments’ popularity rises and falls with changing musical tastes 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education string instruments Sound produced by vibrating tight cable shorter the string and tighter the tension, higher the pitch (& vice versa) Orchestral bowed instruments • violin • viola • cello (violoncellon) • bass (double bass) Common playing techniques • pizzicato • vibrato • tremolo • double stop • harmonics • mute Some string instruments not played with bow Guitar & harp use plectrum (small wedge; pick) 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education woodwind instruments Traditionally, woodwinds were made of wood • • In the 20th century, metal & plastic became common The longer the tube, the lower the pitch – Holes along instrument change the length of the tube Main orchestral woodwinds and ranges: (know all of these!) Woodwinds: single note instrument Sounds produced by blowing (player’s breath) • “whistle mouthpiece” • single reed • double reed • saxophone: single reed instrument; common in jazz 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education brass instruments Orchestral brasses (in order of range) • • trumpet, french horn, trombone, tuba cornet, baritone horn, & euphonium used mainly in concert and in marching bands Sound produced by blowing into mouthpiece • • • Vibration of player’s lips produces sound Sound exits through flared end called bell Pitch changed in 2 ways: ― Pressure of player’s lips (together and against mouthpiece) ― Lengthening the instrument via slide or valves o o o • Trombone uses sliding tubes Others use valves connected to additional tubing Generally, the longer the tube, the lower the pitch Tone color is altered by inserting mute into bell Brass provides power and emphasis in music 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education percussion instruments Sound (generally) produced by striking, shaking, or rubbing the instrument • • • • • Instruments of definite pitch produce tones Those of indefinite pitch produce noise-like sounds Membranes, pieces of wood or metal vibrate The Timpani are the only orchestral drums of definite pitch Know these below! Percussionists must play many instruments Percussion traditionally emphasizes rhythm 20th-century music: greater use of percussion 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education electronic instruments • Produce or amplify sound using electronics – Invented ~1904, significant impact only after 1950 – Modern technology blurs lines between instrument types, recording, computer, and hybrid devices • Tape studio: main electronic tool of 1950s..composers cut & spliced tapes of recorded sounds to put musical sounds in a certain order • Synthesizers came into use in 1960s to create electronic synthesis – Huge machines first built in mid-1950s – Analog synthesis dominated until ~1980 – Digital (FM) synthesis came to forefront in 1980s Effects devices were integrated into digital synthesizers – Sampling is digital recording of live sounds (1990’s) • MIDI (1983) allowed connection of musical devices to computers • Small computers develop in 1970s & 80s • Modern composers connect these devices, use software, and write new types of music 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSIC Listen for: • Themes, variations • Contrast • Repetition • Various orchestral instruments LISTENING The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34 (1946) Benjamin Britten 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education RHYTHM • Flow of music through time • Particular arrangement of note lengths BEAT – Recurrent pulsation – Divides music into equal units of time METER – Grouping of beats into regular groups – 2s and 3s; strong and weak beats ACCENT and SYNCOPATION – Accent: note is emphasized – Syncopation: emphasis placed on an unexpected note or beat 2014 © McGraw-Hill Education