Download AP World History (9/12)

• Do Now: When might a
teacher be considered
dangerous? How might a
civilization/society deal
with this situation?
• Settled agriculture by
2000 BCE
• Difficult due to mountainous
terrain
• Minoans (Crete-1600 BCE)
• Mycenaeans (through
1200 BCE)
• Isolated until Phoenicians
come around 800 BCE
• Dark ages
• 200 of these at its peak
• Independent of each other
• Sometimes worked together in
leagues
• Never united under one
government
• Athens –focus on democracy
• Town meeting
• Council of 500-citizens chosen for
one year terms who made and
carried out policies
• Social distinctions
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Farmers (majority)
30% of population was slaves
Aristocrats create separation
Women-confined to home, no
political rights
• Similar to Athens at first, but
becomes militaristic due to
rebellions (7th century BCE)
• Helots-Messenian servants who
were not allowed to leave
(constant state of rebellion)
• Spartans-self disciplined and
obedient to authority (physical
fitness important)
• Boys trained from age seven to be
soldiers
• Little social distinction between
citizens
• Intended to promote equality
• Women-free and equal with men;
ran much of society (men busy with
warfare)
• Greeks placed an emphasis on
secularism-affairs of this world
• Much like Chinese with
Confucianism
• Natural law-forces in nature
that caused things to happen
• Socrates (470-399 BCE)
• Focused on ethical questions
and truth
• Sophist-a paid teacher of
philosophy and rhetoric in
ancient Greece, associated in
popular thought with moral
skepticism and specious
reasoning.
• Socrates was not a democrat or an egalitarian. To him, the people
should not be self-governing; they were like a herd of sheep that
needed the direction of a wise shepherd. He denied that citizens
had the basic virtue necessary to nurture a good society, instead
equating virtue with a knowledge unattainable by ordinary
people. Striking at the heart of Athenian democracy, he
contemptuously criticized the right of every citizen to speak in the
Athenian assembly.
• Writing in the third-century C.E. in his The Lives of Eminent
Philosophers, Diogenes Laertius reported that Socrates "discussed
moral questions in the workshops and the marketplace." Often his
unpopular views, expressed disdainfully and with an air of
condescension, provoked his listeners to anger. Laertius wrote
that "men set upon him with their fists or tore his hair out," but
that Socrates "bore all this ill-usage patiently."
• http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/socrates/socratesacco
unt.html
• The standing of Socrates among his fellow citizens suffered mightily
during two periods in which Athenian democracy was temporarily
overthrown, one four-month period in 411-410 and another slightly
longer period in 404-403. The prime movers in both of the antidemocratic movements were former pupils of Socrates, Alcibiades
and Critias. Athenians undoubtedly considered the teachings of
Socrates--especially his expressions of disdain for the established
constitution--partially responsible for the resulting death and
suffering. Alcibiades, perhaps Socrates' favorite Athenian politician,
masterminded the first overthrow. (Alcibiades had other strikes
against him: four years earlier, Alcibiades had fled to Sparta to
avoid facing trial for mutilating religious pillars--statues of Hermes-and, while in Sparta, had proposed to that state's leaders that he
help them defeat Athens.) Critias, first among an oligarchy known as
the "Thirty Tyrants," led the second bloody revolt against the restored
Athenian democracy in 404. The revolt sent many of Athen's leading
democratic citizens (including Anytus, later the driving force behind
the prosecution of Socrates) into exile, where they organized a
resistance movement...
• Critias, without question, was the more frightening of the two former
pupils of Socrates. I.F. Stone, in his The Trial of Socrates, describes
Critias (a cousin of Plato's) as "the first Robespierre," a cruel and
inhumane man "determined to remake the city to his own
antidemocratic mold whatever the human cost." The oligarchy
confiscated the estates of Athenian aristocrats, banished 5,000
women, children, and slaves, and summarily executed about 1,500 of
Athen's most prominent democrats.
• One incident involving Socrates and the Thirty Tyrants would later
become an issue at his trial. Although the Thirty normally used their
own gang of thugs for such duties, the oligarchy asked Socrates to
arrest Leon of Salamis so that he might be executed and his assets
appropriated. Socrates refused to do so. Socrates would point to his
resistance to the order as evidence of his good conduct. On the other
hand, Socrates neither protested the decision nor took steps to warn
Leon of Salamis of the order for his arrest--he just went home. While
good citizens of Athens were being liquidated right and left,
Socrates--so far as we know--did or said nothing to stop the violence.
• Do Now: What were the
charges facing Socrates
at the beginning of his
trial? What is at stake
for Socrates? For Athens?
• Corrupting the youth and
impiety (refusing to
recognize the gods)
• Current events articles
• Choose one of your own
(must be cleared with me)
OR use the one I post in the
classroom
• Perform an analysis that
includes the following:
• How does this affect the world?
• How does it connect to what we
have studied/are studying?
• SPRITE
• AP themes (see syllabus)
• Most memorable
stat/quote/detail: Why? How
does it help you make meaning?
• Pretend that you are part
of the jury brought
together to decide
Socrates’ fate
• Do you feel he is guilty of
stirring up
rebellion/poisoning the
youth/attacking religion?
Why or why not?
• Hint: Connect SPRITE to the
accusations against him
• What should be his
penalty?
• Read through Plato’s Apology
• What reasons does Socrates
give for his actions?
• How does his response reveal
key beliefs/attitudes in
ancient Greek society?
• Do you agree with Socrates’
points here? Why or why
not?
• Are there any
problems/possible
inaccuracies in this apology?
What might account for
these?
• Write a one to two
paragraph response on
Socrates guilt or innocence
• Use information from multiple
sources (historical info/Plato’s
apology/etc.) AND cite it in
your response (According
to/Plato says/Stone’s
assertion/etc.)
• Be sure to include your
analysis
• How/Why you feel the way you
do
• Conclude with the punishment
you believe Socrates should
receive
• Read pp. 77-98 (finish the section on Rome)
• Vocabulary terms for this section
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Secularism
Democracy vs. monarchy, oligarchy, and aristocracy
Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)
Hellenistic synthesis
Patron-client relationship
Punic Wars vs. 3rd century crisis