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CHAPTER 2 Mrs. Jacobs 6th grade History 2016 SECTION 1-LAND BETWEEN TWO RIVERS OBJECTIVES Find out how geography made the rise of civilization in the Fertile Crescent possible. Learn about Sumer’s first cities. Examine the characteristics of Sumerian religion. https://youtu.be/vglAeKfm2XA SECTION 1 VOCABULARY Scribe -professional writer Fertile Crescent -a region in Southwest Asia, the site of the first civilizations City-state -a city that is also a separate, independent state Polytheism -the belief in many gods Myth -traditional story; in some cultures, a legend that explains people’s beliefs Mesopotamia –”between the rivers” SECTION 1-THE LAND BETWEEN 2 RIVERS In the land of Sumer, over 4,000 years ago, the first schools taught boys and possibly a few girls a new invention called writing. Scribes, or professional writers, were important because they kept records for kings and priests. SECTION 1- GEOGRAPHIC SETTING Mesopotamia-”between two rivers” Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Drew people to this area for the fertile soil People became farmers and built cities Also drew traders to this area Fertile Crescent -the world’s first civilizations Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf (crescent) SECTION 1-GEOGRAPHIC SETTING CONT. Tigris & Euphrates Rivers were a life source In Spring, melting snow brought tons of topsoil from the mountains and flooded the land Supplied fish, clay for building, tall strong reeds to make boats Never happened at the same time of each year Flooded without warning, killing people, animals, crops, and washed away houses SECTION 1-THE FIRST CITIES As farming grew, so did populations Communities had surpluses of food Cities rose around the area of the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers Even though cities shared the culture and language, they did not have a single ruler They remained independent, city- states –acted as a separate state Had king their own gods/goddesses, government, and SECTION 1-THE FIRST CITIES CONT. Sumerian cities could have included: Marketplace Musicians Beggars Scribes + Merchants-goods + Acrobats + Water sellers Houses faced away from streets inward toward a courtyard Hot nights people slept outside on their flat roof Used oil lamps for light SECTION 1-SUMERIAN RELIGION Ziggurat- temple to the gods/goddesses, made with terraces, one on top of the other Religious, social, and economic activities took place At the top was a shrine Sumerians believed that gods descended (came down) to Earth using the Ziggurat as a stairway Polytheism –worship many gods/goddesses Poly-means many Theism-means belief in gods/goddesses Ziggurat in the city of Ur SECTION 1-SUMERIAN RELIGION CONT. Honored gods with ceremonies Priests washed statues before and after each meal Music played Incense burned SECTION 1-SUMERIAN RELIGION CONT. Its wealth became Sumer’s downfall Sumerian city-states fought amongst themselves over land and the use of water rights Every time a city fights amongst themselves, they are always weakened and vulnerable to takeovers •2300 B.C. Sumer was conquered by a neighboring army, Akkadia •Akkadia’s king, King Sargon, united the Sumerian city-states and improved its government and military. •About 1700s B.C. Sumer fell to a northern rival, Babylonia. SECTION 1-CLOSURE Write 2 things you learned from section 1 Topic 1 Topic 2- SECTION 2-BABYLONIA & ASSYRIA OBJECTIVES Learn about the two most important empires of Mesopotamia 1. 2. Babylonia Assyria Find out what characterized the Babylonian and Assyrian empires. Understand how Babylonia was able to rise again after defeat. SECTION 2 VOCABULARY Empire –many territories and peoples controlled by one government Babylon -the capital of Babylonia, a city of great wealth and luxury Caravan –a group of traders traveling together Bazaar –a market selling different kinds of goods Battering ram –a powerful weapon with a wooden beam mounted on wheels SECTION 2-THE TWO EMPIRES OF MESOPOTAMIA Mesopotamia was constantly being taken over. Each ruler who conquered Mesopotamia became the next target. Why? Because rulers gained great wealth from trade and agriculture from their conquests. The two largest and most important civilizations in Mesopotamia are Babylonia & Assyria. SECTION 2-THE TWO EMPIRES OF MESOPOTAMIA CONT. The beautiful city of Babylon, a great city of wealth and luxury, was the capital of the Babylonian Empire. SECTION 2-THE TWO EMPIRES OF MESOPOTAMIA CONT. The Assyrians from the northern city of Assur began expanding their land; they controlled a large empire. SECTION 2-THE TWO EMPIRES OF MESOPOTAMIA CONT. The Babylonians and the Assyrians had two things in common. 1. They were vicious warriors. 2. They built grand cities where culture and learning were highly valued. Why? SECTION 2-THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Babylonian King Hammurabi united the cities of Sumer creating the Babylonian Empire. Under Hammurabi, Babylonians created: a system of roads throughout the empire making travel easier and improving communication between cities and towns, as well as encouraging trade. SECTION 2-THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE CONT. Babylon’s location make it a crossroads for trade. Caravans, or groups of travelers, stopped in Babylon on their way to and from the cities of Sumer. In the city’s bazaars, markets, shoppers could buy cotton cloth from India and spices from Egypt. Trade and conquests made Babylon rich. SECTION 2-THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE CONT. In 1760 B.C, Hammurabi conquered the city of Mari. He seized: War chariots Weapons Tools All of which were the best in the world But all the riches in the world could not save Babylon from conquest. SECTION 2- THE EMPIRE OF THE ASSYRIANS Assyria’s kingdom lay open making it easy for others to invade. Since they were constantly defending themselves, they became skilled warriors. Instead of them waiting to be attacked, they decided to do the attacking. Their vast empire stretched all the way from the Nile River in Egypt to the Persian Gulf. SECTION 2- THE EMPIRE OF THE ASSYRIANS CONT. SECTION 2- THE EMPIRE OF THE ASSYRIANS CONT. Assyrians were clever warriors. They invented the battering ram, a powerful weapon having a wooden beam mounted on wheels. Warriors used slings and stones. Expert archers were protected with helmets and armor. Most feared were the armed charioteers who slashed their way through enemy troops. SECTION 2- THE EMPIRE OF THE ASSYRIANS CONT. SECTION 2- THE EMPIRE OF THE ASSYRIANS CONT. Stone slingers archers SECTION 2- THE EMPIRE OF THE ASSYRIANS CONT. Armed charioteers SECTION 2- THE EMPIRE OF THE ASSYRIANS CONT. As Assyria’s empire grew, the capital of Nineveh became a great city of learning. It held a remarkable library filled with thousands of clay tablets with writings from Sumer and Babylon. It’s because the Assyrians kept these clay tablets that we know so much about Mesopotamia. SECTION 2- THE EMPIRE OF THE ASSYRIANS CONT. The Assyrians didn’t have many friends. Conquered people tried several revolts against Assyrian rule. It took two groups to take down the Assyrian Empire. Medes Chaldeans SECTION 2- BABYLONIA RISES AGAIN Under the Chaldeans, Babylon rose again to even greater splendor, becoming the center of the New Babylonian Empire. King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt the city of Babylon, destroyed by the Assyrians. He built massive walls around the city to protect it. He build a gigantic palace decorated with colored tiles, several terraces rising more than 350 feet. It had trees and gardens, built for his wife because she didn’t like the dry deserts of the Mesopotamia, aka the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seventh wonders of the world. SECTION 2- BABYLONIA RISES AGAIN CONT. SECTION 2- BABYLONIA RISES AGAIN CONT. Under the Chaldeans, the New Babylonian Empire became a center for learning and science. Chaldean astronomers charted the paths of the stars and measured the length of a year, only a few minutes different than today’s scientists’ beliefs. Chaldean farmers raised “the flies that collect honey”-what insect? However like any other empire, the Chaldeans were open to attack by powerful neighbors and eventually fell to the Persians, led by Cyrus the Great. The city of Babylon was spared. SECTION 2- CLOSURE Write 2 questions you have about something you didn’t quite understand about section 2. 1. 2. SECTION 3-THE LEGACY OF MESOPOTAMIA OBJECTIVES Learn about the importance of Hammurabi’s Code. Find out how the art of writing developed in Mesopotamia. SECTION 3 VOCABULARY Code -an organized list of laws and rules Hammurabi –the king of Babylon, the creator of the Babylonian Empire Cuneiform –groups of wedges and lines used to write several languages in the Fertile Crescent SECTION 3-HAMMURABI’S CODE Think about what the school would be like without rules or laws. Think about what the city would be like without rules or laws. Take it a step further, the state, the country, the world… A written code, or an organized list of laws, helps people to know what is expected of them and what punishment they will receive if they disobey a law. SECTION 3-HAMMURABI’S CODE CONT. Hammurabi set down rules for everyone in his empire to follow, known as Hammurabi’s Code. The code told people how to settle conflicts in all areas of their lives. Hammurabi’s Code contained 282 laws divided into 4 categories: 1. trade 2. labor 2. property 4. family Steles were placed around the empire for all to be able to see. SECTION 3-HAMMURABI’S CODE CONT. Based on the idea of “eye for an eye” The punishment should fit the crime Did not apply to all people equally Depended on how important the victim and the lawbreaker were The higher the class, the greater the penalty Accidents didn’t count-the person was just as guilty as if he intended to break the law Even doctors had to be careful not to kill his patient or he could lose his hand SECTION 3-HAMMURABI’S CODE CONT. Rules have been broken for thousands of years, so then why is Hammurabi’s Code so important? Even though Hammurabi’s Code is not the first attempt at setting up laws, they are the first laws that were written in an organized manner. SECTION 3-HAMMURABI’S CODE CONT. Examples: If any one steal the minor son of another, he shall be put to death If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death If any one open his ditches to water his crop, but is careless and the water flood the field of his neighbor, then he shall pay his neighbor corn for his loss If a son strike his father, his hands shall be cut off If a man adopt a child as his son, and rear him, this grown son cannot be demanded back again If a surgeon performed a major operation on a citizen with a bronze knife and has caused the death to the citizen, his hand shall be cut off SECTION 3-HAMMURABI’S CODE CONT. SECTION 3-THE ART OF WRITING Long before Hammurabi used his code, Sumerians developed a system of writing. Record keepers were very busy in Sumer and were very important people. Since only a few people could write, scribes held positions of great power. It was one of the most valued skills in the ancient world. SECTION 3-THE ART OF WRITING CONT. Scribes of Sumer recorded: Sales and trade Tax payments Gifts for the gods Marriages and deaths Calculated food and supplies the army needed Government scribes figured the number of diggers to build a canal SECTION 3-THE ART OF WRITING CONT. Clay from the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers was used to make tablets. Each spring the rivers washed down clay from the mountains. Scribes shaped the clay into soft wet smooth tablets. After writing on the wet clay, the clay was dried leaving behind a permanent record. The shape and size of the tabled depended on its purpose. Larger tablets were used for reference purposes like atlases and dictionaries. Smaller tablets like the size of letters and postcards were used for personal messages. SECTION 3-THE ART OF WRITING Writing was developed over time. Long before the Sumerians invented writing, they used shaped pieces of clay as tokens or symbols. These symbols or tokens kept track of animals that were bought and sold or how much food was grown. Symbols represented objects like grain, oxen, water, stars, etc. Scribes combined these symbols to make groups of wedges and lines known as cunieform. SECTION 3-CLOSURE Write 1 rule that you would like added to the school’s rules. 1. An important rule I think we should have is… SECTION 4-MEDITERRANEAN CIVILIZATIONS OBJECTIVES Understand how the sea power of the Phoenicians helped spread civilization throughout the Mediterranean area. Learn about the major events in the history of the Israelites. SECTION 4-MEDITERRANEAN CIVILIZATIONS VOCABULARY Alphabet -a set of symbols that represent the sounds of a language. Monotheism –the belief in one god Famine –a time when there is so little food that many people starve Exile –to force someone to leave their country to live in another SECTION 4- 1) PHOENICIAN SEA POWER Section 4 will discuss 2 major Mediterranean civilizations: 1) Phoenicians, 2) Israelites Phoenicians first… Tyre was a major city in the region called Phoenicia. The Phoenicians had settled in a land that had limited resources. However, the resources the Phoenicians did have were very valuable. Purple dye from snails to dye cloth Cedar wood from cedar forests SECTION 4- 1) PHOENICIAN SEA POWER CONT. SECTION 4- 1) PHOENICIAN SEA POWER CONT. https://youtu.be/ZLCO11LF4i8 SECTION 4-PHOENICIAN SEA POWER CONT. Phoenicians were a great sea power. From about 1100 B.C. to 800 B.C., Phoenician ships sailed all around the Mediterranean sea and into the stormy Atlantic Ocean. They came back with horrible sea monster stories that helped keep other people from venturing out into the Atlantic Ocean. Why the stories? To keep people from trying to trade their products in the Atlantic Ocean countries. SECTION 4-PHOENICIAN SEA POWER CONT. Phoenician silver coin portraying a Phoenician ship and the sea monster known to the Greeks as the hippocamp. SECTION 4-PHOENICIAN SEA POWER CONT. Phoenician’s venturing out into the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean trading their goods brought back valuable goods to Tyre and Sidon. Bazaars sold foods and strange animals from faraway places, for ex. Figs, olives, honey, and spices Giraffes and warthogs SECTION 4-PHOENICIAN ALPHABET Phoenicians needed writing to help them conduct their trade business. They developed a writing system using just 22 symbols, which was far easier to learn than Cuneiform. An alphabet is a set of symbols that represent the sounds of the language. Remember, before the alphabet, only highly educated and skilled scribes were able to write. Now many more people could write using the new alphabet making trade easier. SECTION 4-PHOENICIAN ALPHABET CONT. SECTION 4- 2) THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITES Now, the Israelites… South of Phoenicia, a small band of people called the Hebrews settled in the hills around the Jordan River. The Hebrews later became known as the Israelites. Much of what we know today about the Israelites comes from stories told in the Torah, or the Hebrew Bible. Because archaeologists piece together evidence from past events, they have determined that Abraham may have lived sometime between 2000 B.C. and 1500 B.C. SECTION 4- 2) THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITES CONT. The Israelites trace their beginnings back to Mesopotamia. They lived as shepherds and merchants who grazed their flocks outside the Sumerian cities. According to the Torah, Abraham, a leader, taught his people to practice monotheism, a belief in one god. Mono-the prefix meaning one The Torah says that God told Abraham to leave Mesopotamia and settle somewhere else. SECTION 4- 2) THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITES CONT. The Torah goes on to say that Abraham led the Israelites from Mesopotamia to settle in the land of Canaan. According to the Torah, a famine, a time when there is so little food that people starve, caused the Israelites to flee south to Egypt. The Israelites lived well in Egypt, so well that an Egyptian king became suspicious of their power and forced them into labor, became slaves. SECTION 4- 2) THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITES CONT. According to the Torah, an Israelite leader, Moses, led his people out of Egypt. The Israelites leaving Egypt is called the Exodus. For the next 40 years, the Israelites wandered through the desert to the Sinai Peninsula. The Torah says while in the Sinai Peninsula, Moses gave the Israelites the Ten Commandments, a code of laws. Eventually, the Israelites moved back to Canaan and moved from herding to farming and built their own cities. SECTION 4- 2) THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITES CONT. SECTION 4- 2) THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITES CONT. As they settled in Canaan, they united under their first king, Saul, who defended them against their enemies. The next king, David, established his capital in the city of Jerusalem. After King David died, his son, Solomon inherited the kingdom and divided it into two parts: 1) Israel (north) 2) Judah (south). The divided kingdom was ripe for invasion, its neighbor, Assyria, conquered the Israelites and gained control of Judah. SECTION 4- 2) THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITES CONT. The Israelites resisted Assyrian rule, so the Assyrians exiled thousands of Israelites to distant parts of the empire. Exile means to force people to live in another place or country. The Assyrians controlled Judah until the Assyrians were conquered by the Chaldeans (Neb). Judah then fell under the control of the Chaldeans. Judah’s king rebelled against the Chaldeans (Neb). King Nebuchadnezzar responded to Judah’s king by destroying the capital of Jerusalem and exiling the people of Jerusalem to Babylonia. SECTION 4- 2) THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITES CONT. SECTION 5-JUDAISM OBJECTIVES You will learn about the basic beliefs of Judaism. Find out about the effect that Judaism has had on other religions. SECTION 5-JUDAISM VOCABULARY Covenant –a promise made by God Moses –an Israelite leader whom the Torah credits with leading the Israelites from Egypt to Canaan. Prophet –a religious teacher who is regarded as someone who speaks for God or for a god Diaspora –the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs SECTION 5-THE BELIEFS OF JUDAISM Most ancient people believed that their gods were connected to certain places and people. The Israelites believed that God is present everywhere, that God knows everything, and has complete power. According to the Torah, God promised Abraham that his people would become kings and build nations. Because of this covenant, or promise made by God, the Israelites considered themselves to be God’s “chosen people.” SECTION 5-THE BELIEFS OF JUDAISM CONT. This covenant was later renewed by Moses, an Israelite leader who lived around 1200 B.C. He told the Israelites that God would lead them to Canaan, the promised land”, but the Israelites had to obey God faithfully. At the heart of Judaism are the Ten Commandments, they believe that God delivered to them through Moses. Some commandments set out religious duties toward God, some are rules for correct behavior. SECTION 5-THE BELIEFS OF JUDAISM CONT. Some laws protected women. One commandment requires mothers to be respected, while other religions women were considered to be of lower social class than men. A man who was head of the house owned his wife and children. A father could sell his daughters into marriage. Only a husband could seek a divorce. SECTION 5-THE BELIEFS OF JUDAISM CONT. Prophets, religious teachers who are regarded as speaking for God, told the Israelites how God wanted them to live warned them to not disobey God’s laws preached a code of ethics, or moral behavior Urged the Israelites to live good and decent lives Asked the rich and powerful to protect the poor and weak Disobedience could bring disaster. Kings also had to obey God’s laws just as shepherds and merchants. SECTION 5-THE EFFECTS OF JUDAISM After being exiled from Judah, the Jews, or people who followed Judaism, were controlled by many leaders including the Romans. The Romans carried on what the Chaldeans and Assyrians had started; they drove the Jews from their homeland, scattering people to different parts of the world, called diaspora. SECTION 5-THE EFFECTS OF JUDAISM CONT. Wherever the Jews lived, they kept their heritage. They lived together in close communities. They took care to obey their religious laws, worship at their temples, and follow their traditions. This marks a time when Israelites believed their children were spared from destruction; death “passed over” them and they were led out of Egypt by Moses. SECTION 5-THE EFFECTS OF JUDAISM CONT. Judaism had an important influence on two later religions, Christianity and Islam. Both religions have their beginnings in Judaism. Both faiths originated from the same geographical area. Both are monotheistic. Jews, Christians, and followers of Islam all honor Abraham, Moses, and the prophets.
