Download Nationalism

Nationalism
Chapter 24 Section 1 and 2
Click the icon to play
Listen to History audio.
Click the icon below to
connect to the
Interactive Maps.
Italian and German Unification
Objectives
• Students will explore how nationalism stirred in Italy after the
Congress of Vienna
• Students will discover the heart, brains and sword of Italian
unification
• Students will examine the challenges Italy faced after unification
• Students will discover Bismarck’s plan for Germany and how he
hoped to achieve it
• Students will identify how Germany grew and changed after
unification.
The Congress of Vienna
Metternich
• Distrusted democracy and political change
• Wanted to reestablish the old order (absolute monarchy)
• Continue the power of the Hapsburgs in Austria
• Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of
power
Goals for Other Decision Makers
• Make sure France could not rise again to such power
• Put down revolution wherever it might appear
• Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule
• Was not allowed to keep any conquered territory
• Boundaries back to 1792
• Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for
damages
After Congress of Vienna
• Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of Vienna to maintain old Europe, old
relationships
• 15 years after Congress, old order destroyed beyond repair
• 1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe, fostered by decisions made at
Congress of Vienna
National Groups Ignored
• Congress had ignored national groups, placing them under control of large empires;
some empires included different ethnic groups
• Italians split into three groups—much of northern Italy under Austrian rule, other
states under Hapsburgs, still others under a French ruler
• Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these conditions
Mazzini and Young Italy
Young Italy
• Others formed secret societies to work
for political change, plotted to
overthrow Austrian government in
Italy
• 1831, popular writer, Giuseppe
Mazzini, launched nationalist group
called Young Italy to fight for
unification of Italian states
• Mazzini had been exiled but smuggled
patriotic pamphlets into Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini
• Young Italy attracted tens of
thousands of Italians to cause of
unification
• Mazzini considered the “heart” of
Italian Unification
The Path Toward Unity
As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions. Then two men
rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy.
Cavour and Sardinia
• Only successful revolt against Austra
was in Sardinia
• Rulers forced to grant new
constitution; Sardinia remained
independent
• One of most important leaders of
Italian unification emerged, Camillo
di Cavour
• Founded nationalist newspaper, Il
Risorgimento—“resurgence” or
“rebirth”
Camillo di Cavour
Sardinia and Italy
Kingdom of Sardinia
Economy
• 1852, Cavour became prime minister
of independent Kingdom of Sardinia
• Cavour worked to build Sardinian
economy
• Believed thriving economy important
for Italy to be reborn
• Believed Italy should be reborn as
monarchy
Ally
France’s Support
• Cavour in position to cultivate
powerful ally
• France agreed to support Sardinia in
war against Austria
• Supported France in war with Russia;
gave France provinces of Savoy, Nice
• 1860, northern Italian states liberated
from control of Austrian Empire
Cavour is considered the “Brains” of Italian Unification
Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
Sword of Italy
• Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart”
• Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of Italy
• Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833
Exile
• Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice
• Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America
• Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination
Return
• 1854, Garibaldi returned for good
• Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria
• After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia
Giuseppe Garibaldi
The “sword” of Italy
Control and Elections
The Red Shirts
Unification
• Followers known as Red Shirts
because of colorful uniforms
• 1861, territories held elections, all
agreed to unification
• By July 1860, using guerilla warfare,
Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of
island of Sicily
• Holdouts were Venetia, still belonging
to Austria; Papal States, under French
troops supporting pope
• September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops
conquered Naples
• 1866, Prussia defeated Austria, gave
Venetia to Italy
• Red Shirts now controlled southern
part Italian peninsula
• 1870, Prussia forced French to
withdraw from Rome
• Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two
Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor
Emmanuel
• Italian troops entered Rome,
completed unification under King
Victor Emmanuel
Challenges After Unification
In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges. Although politically
unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic problems.
Social, Economic
Problems
Poverty, Emigration
• Strong regional
differences led to lack
of unity
• Poverty serious
problem, caused many
to emigrate
• Southern Italians
resented being
governed by Rome
• 1880s, large numbers
left Italy, many for
Americas
• Catholic Church did not
recognize Italy as
legitimate nation
• Unemployment, rising
taxes led to rioting,
violence
Reforms
• Voting reform a major
priority
• 1870, only wealthiest
Italian men could vote
• By late 1800s most
adult male taxpayers
could vote
Reforms and Empire
• As Italy industrialized, particularly in north, government passed reforms including
laws limiting work hours, prohibiting child labor
• Government encouraged building transportation, water systems to improve cities,
encourage industry
A New Foreign Policy
• 1882, Italy formed military alliance
with Austria-Hungary, Germany
• Agreed to defend each other against
any possible attack
• Arrangement known as Triple Alliance;
this, other alliances, brought Europe to
war in 1914
Empire Building
• Italy tried to build empire
• Tried to gain control over Ethiopia
• Failed after being defeated by larger
Ethiopian army, 1896
• 1911, Italy declared war on Ottoman
Empire; gained territory in Africa
Steps Toward Unification
Germany was not a unified nation in 1848, although the patchwork of independent
states did have a common language and culture.
Nurturing Nationalism
• Napoleon nurtured nationalism by
uniting German states into
confederation
• 1815, after Napoleon’s defeat,
Congress of Vienna retained
organization, renamed it German
Confederation
• 39 separate states with common
language, culture poised for
movement to unite
Revolution
• 1848, revolution swept through
Europe
• German liberals also took
opportunity to revolt
• Differed over whether to support
constitutional monarchy or republic
• Agreed that German unity would
promote individual rights, liberal
reforms
Unkept Promises
• Facing calls for increased democracy, Prussian king Frederick Wilhelm IV promised
constitution, other reforms
• End of 1848, went back on promises; constitution never written
• Banned publications, organizations that supported democracy
Economic, Cultural Unity
• 1834, Zollverein, customs union, created; removed tariffs on products traded
between German states
• Inspired businesspeople to support unification; encouraged growth of railroads
connecting German states; joined Germans economically
• German economy growing; sense of German culture growing as well
Otto Von Bismarck
Otto Von Bismarck
1. Conservative (supported monarchy) politician, leading force behind
German Unification.
• Become prominent in Prussian politics
• 1847, gave strong conservative speech at National Assembly
• 1862, new Prussian King, Wilhelm I, choose Bismarck as prime
minister
2. Philosophy
• Believed Prussia destined to lead German people to unification
a. Practiced realpolitik, policies based on interests of Prussia
3. “Blood and Iron”
• Politics of reality evident in push to increase Prussian military powe
• Speech to Parliament: German unity not won by speeches,
majority vote but by “blood and iron”
• Built Prussian army into great war machine
Bismarck’s Wars
1.
Prussian War with Denmark =
Victory for Prussia united
Northern German States
2.
Austro-Prussian War = Austria
versus Prussia = Victory for
Prussia who controlled all but
three German Territories
3.
Franco-Prussian War = France
versus Prussia = Final victory for
Prussia who united all of the
German States.
• Peace treaty signed at
Versailles
Creating the German Empire
Peace treaty had far-reaching consequences
• Victory established unified German empire
• Representatives of allied German states met at Versailles, near
Paris
– Proclaimed Wilhelm I first kaiser—emperor—of German
Empire
– Wilhelm appointed Bismarck first chancellor
• German victory changed balance of power in Europe
– Napoleon III gone; France no longer as powerful
– As Germany grew economically, new empire rose in power
Bismarck and Wilhelm II
After Unification
Alliances
• Bismarck did not want to expand
Germany’s borders
• Bismarck made alliances with AustriaHungary, Italy, Russia
• Believed France remained a threat,
however
• Nations agreed to help protect one
another from possible attack
Bismarck Out
Wilhelm II
• 1888, Wilhelm’s grandson became
kaiser
• Early 1900s, continued to make
alliances with other European nations
• Wilhelm II fired Bismarck as prime
minister after disagreement
• Built up most powerful military force
in Europe
The Empire’s Growth and Change
In the years after 1871, Germany prospered. Under the leadership of Wilhelm I and
Bismarck, Germany developed into a strong empire. This period was known as the
Second Reich, or empire, because Germans considered the Holy Roman Empire to be
the First Reich.
A New Government
Government and the Church
• Germany’s 25 separate states wanted
to retain some power
• Bismarck believed Roman Catholic
Church posed threat to government
• Government took federalist form;
power shared between state, national
governments, Wilhelm led
government
• Believed government, not church,
should control aspects of culture, like
education
• Political parties developed
• Worked to restrict influence of
Catholic Church in Germany
This struggle between the government and the church was known as Kulturkampf,
which means “the struggle for culture.”
Reichs of Germany
• 1st Reich
– Holy Roman Empire
• 2nd Reich
– Unified Germany
• 3rd Reich
– Nazi Germany
Economic Growth
Railroads
• After unification, Germany experienced time of economic growth
• France had paid reparations—money for war damages
• German leaders used some money to build railroads to link German states
Industrial Growth
• Other funds helped build German businesses
• New empire began to catch up with other industrialized countries of Europe
• Coal mines, steel factories flourished in Germany’s major cities
Path to Social Reforms
• Industrialization had critics in Germany
• German socialists protested against harsh factory conditions
• Called for state control of all industries
Other Nationalist Movements of the
20th Century
• Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Israel
• Chechen rebels in Russia
• Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the United Kingdom
• Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan (PJAK) and Kurdistan
Workers' Party (PKK) operating against Turkey.
The purpose of nationalist movements is to create
independent nations under their own authority
Unrest in Russia
Main Idea
In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the absolute
power of the czar and demanded social reforms.
Reading Focus
• What was government and society like in Russia in the first half of
the 1800s?
• What were some examples of reform and repression in Russia?
• How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?
Government and Society
Huge Empire
Absolute Power
• Russia one of great powers of Europe,
first half 1800s
• To govern large, diverse empire,
Russian monarchs ruled with absolute
power
• Troops helped defeat Napoleon;
leaders helped reorganize Europe after
his fall
• Russia very different from other
European powers
• Empire huge, stretched eastward far
into Asia, included many different
ethnic groups
• Called czars, controlled most aspects
of Russian life
• Believed in autocracy, government by
one leader with unlimited powers
Serfdom
Agricultural Society
• Russian society under czars mostly agricultural
• Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized
• Much of population, serfs—workers considered part of land they worked
Serfs
• Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land
• Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery
• Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked
Societal Problem
• Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords
• Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms
• Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society
Reform and Repression
Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia’s conservative czars were resistant to
reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.
The Decembrist Revolt
Nicholas’s Response
• Secret societies formed to fight
against czar’s rule
• Nicholas responded by crushing
rebellion
• Saw opportunity for change with
death of Alexander I, 1825
• Many Decembrists captured, sent to
Siberia, isolated region in far eastern
Russia
• One group called Decembrists
– Included military officers
• Five Decembrists executed
– 3,000 soldiers assembled near
Winter Palace
• Decembrist revolt failed, but began
revolutionary movement in Russia
destined to grow in years ahead
– Refused to declare allegiance to
new czar, Nicholas I
Reforms of Alexander II
Russia Lagging Behind
• Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War
• Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of Europe
• Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military
Reforms
• Alexander II began program of reforms
• 1861, freed Russia’s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune
• Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion
Economy
• Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy
• Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from
landowner, usually with government help
Reform and Repression
Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia
• Set up new judicial system
• Allowed some local self-government
• Reorganized army, navy
• Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain
strength, call for more changes
• 1881, radical group, The People’s Will, assassinated Czar
Alexander II
Unrest Under Alexander II
• Alexander’s son, Alexander III, became next czar
• Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past, ended
father’s reforms
• Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups suspected of
plotting against government
Different Form of Unrest
• Mobs began attacking Jews, killing
them, destroying property
• Attacks known as pogroms; first wave
began after Alexander II assassinated
Industrialization under Nicholas
• 1894, Nicholas II crowned
• Autocratic ruler, developed industry
• Some wrongly blamed Jews
• 1890s, Russia began building TransSiberian Railroad to link western
Russia with Siberia
• Government did not stop attacks
• Expansion east would lead to war
War and Revolution
Expansion East
• Russia expanded east
• Came into conflict with another
imperial power—Japan
• At same time, revolution brewing
Growing Unrest
• Defeat shocked many Russians, added
to unrest
• One group calling for change,
Marxists—followed communist
theories of Karl Marx
War With Japan
• Early 1900s, Japan building empire,
viewed Russia as threat
• 1904, Japanese forces attacked,
defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese
War
Marxist Ideas
• Wanted to create socialist republic—
no private property, state to own,
distribute goods
• 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for
revolution to overthrow czar
The Revolution of 1905
• 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar
• January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at Winter
Palace, listing number of demands
• Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday
Revolution Begins
• Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against czar; rebellions
broke out, czar’s strict rules disobeyed
• Workers went on strike, students protested in streets
• Czar promised reform, but did not follow through
• Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets
The October Manifesto
In response to the rebellions and strikes, Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto,
an official promise for reform and a more democratic government.
Provisions
• Manifesto promised
constitution
• Individual liberties to
all, including freedom
of speech, assembly
• Many gained right to
vote
Duma
• Voters would elect
representatives to the
Duma, assembly to
approve all laws
• Czar continue to rule,
but not pass laws
without approval of
Duma
End Revolution
• Nicholas II hoped
Manifesto would end
revolution
• Did not achieve balance
between own power,
democracy
• People still wanted
reform