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FEED NUTRIENTS
UNIT 15
Nutrient Defined
• A chemical element or compound that aids in the
support of life.
BD
Concentrates
• Animal feeds are typically classified in two categories
• Concentrates: which include several cereal grains
(corn, wheat, barley, oats, and milo), oil meals
(soybean meals, linseed meal and cotton seed
meal) molasses, and dried milk products
• They are high in energy, low in fiber and highly digestible
(80-90%)
Oats:
When an animal only
consumes the seed.
Roughages
• Roughages: include legume hays, grass hays, and
straws (by-products from the production of grass,
grains and seed), also silage, and grazed forages
• They are less digestible (50-65%), for straws it is much lower
Oat Hay:
When an animal
consumes the seeds,
leaves, and stalk.
What is a Calorie?
A basic unit of energy. The amount of energy
needed to raise one gram of water one degree
Celsius.
15.5 C
Thermometer
14.5 C
Nutrient Groups
• Nutrients are divided into five groups
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Energy nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and oils)
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Description of Nutrient Groups
Energy nutrients - Carbohydrates
• The main energy nutrients found in animals
rations are carbohydrates.
• Carbohydrates contain carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen
• CHO’s are made up of sugars, starches, cellulose,
and lignin.
• Simple CHO’s are sugar and starches referred to
as Nitrogen Free Extracts (NFE) from cereal
grains (corn, wheat, oats, and barley).
Energy nutrients - Carbohydrates
• Complex CHO’s called fiber are cellulose and lignin. Fiber is
found mainly in roughages such as hay and pasture plants .
• The dry weight of most roughages range from 65 to 80%
CHO’s
• Simple Carbohydrates such as starch supply the major energy
source in feed
Energy Nutrients - Fats and
Oils
• They are chemically composed of C, H, and O.
They contain more C and H atoms then do
carbohydrates.
• Energy level of fats is higher then CHO. They
have 2.25 times the energy of CHO.
• Fats are solid at body temperature, and oils are
liquid at body temperature.
• Fats come from both vegetable and animal
sources.
Energy Nutrients - Fats and
Oils
• Certain fatty acids are saturated or unsaturated
• Saturated fatty acids have single bonds tying the
carbon atoms together (C-C-C-C-)
• Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double
bonds (=C=C-C-C=)
• The term polyunsaturated fatty acids is applied
to those having more than one double bond
Proteins
• organic compounds made up of amino-acids
• Amino Acids contain C, H, O and N also sulfur,
phosphorus, and iron.
• There are ten essential Amino Acids for swine,
and thirteen are considered essential for poultry.
• Non-essential Amino Acids are need by the
animals but are synthesized in the body from
other amino acids and therefore do not have to
be provided in the ration for ether ruminant or
non-ruminant animals.
Proteins
• Sources of Protein
• Animal protein is considered good quality protein.
• Plant protein is thought of as low quality protein
because it lacks some of the essential amino acids.
• Urea can be fed to ruminant animals as a source of
protein. Urea is a synthetic nitrogen source which is
manufactured from air, water, and carbon.
• 69% of the crude protein in a roughage ration is
considered to be digestible.
• 75% of crude protein in a high-concentrate ration is
considered to be digestible.
Vitamins
• Trace organic compounds
• Fat soluble can be dissolved in fat.
• Vitamin A - Healthy eyes, good conception rate,
and disease resistance.
• Vitamin D - bone development, mineral balance
of blood.
• Vitamin E - normal reproduction, muscle
development.
• Vitamin K - helps the blood to clot and prevents
excessive bleeding.
Vitamins
• Water soluble can be dissolved in water.
• Vitamin C - teeth and bone development and the prevention of
infection.
• B-Complex - improve appetite, growth and reproduction
Minerals
• Chemical elements other than C, H, O, N
• Inorganic materials (because they contain no
Nitrogen) needed in small amounts by animals
• Minerals are divided into two groups (table 15.2)
• Major (Macro) minerals - those needed in large amounts.
• Trace (Micro) minerals - those needed in small amounts.
• Major minerals which are often lacking:
• Salt (Sodium Chlorine) (Na Cl)
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
Minerals
• Trace minerals which are often lacking:
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Iodine
Manganese
Copper
Iron
Zinc
Colbolt
Water
• The amount of water in an animals range from
40 to 80%.
• Function of water.
• Dissolves nutrients to be digested
• Controls body temperature
• Carries nutrients to different parts of the animals body.
• Remainder of the feed after
water is removed is called
dry matter
Digestibility
• Refers to the amount of various nutrients in a feed that are
absorbed from the digestive tract.
• Total Digestible Nutrient: The sum of all nutrients
in a feed that are digested by the animal
• Usually expressed in pounds, kilograms, or
percentages
• TDN is being replaced by Net Energy (NE) in
many ration formulation systems
• The calorie basis which measures the heat content of
feed is as follows
• Calorie (cal): the amount of energy or heat required to raise
the temperature of 1g of water 1ºC
• Kilocalorie (kcal): amount of energy or heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water 1ºC
• Megaclaorie (Mcal): equal to 1000 kilocalories or 1 million calories